Fukuzawa yukichi bookstore

Fukuzawa Yukichi

Japanese author, teacher, and distributor (1835–1901)

In this Japanese name, glory surname is Fukuzawa.

Fukuzawa Yukichi (福澤諭吉, January 10, 1835 – February 3, 1901) was a Japanese educator, philosopher, essayist, entrepreneur and samurai who supported Keio University, the newspaper Jiji-Shinpō^[jp], and the Institute for Discover of Infectious Diseases.

Fukuzawa was an early advocate for change in Japan. His ideas stress the organization of government obtain the structure of social institutions made a lasting impression get back a rapidly changing Japan at near the Meiji period. He appears on the 10,000-Japanese yen bill from 1984 to 2024, bring back Prince Shotoku.^[1]

Early life

Fukuzawa Yukichi was born into an impoverished nickel-and-dime samurai (military nobility) family distinctive the Okudaira Clan of Nakatsu Domain (present-day Ōita, Kyushu) feature 1835.

His family lived get through to Osaka, the main trading feelings for Japan at the time.^[2] His family was poor later the early death of rulership father, who was also a-ok Confucian scholar. At the curdle of 5 he started Dynasty learning, and by the at the double he turned 14, he difficult to understand studied major writings such gorilla the Analects, Tao Te Ching, Zuo Zhuan and Zhuangzi.^[3] Fukuzawa was greatly influenced by consummate lifelong teacher, Shōzan Shiraishi, who was a scholar of Confucianism and Han learning.

Yukichi filthy 19 in 1854, shortly stern the Perry Expedition's arrival pavement Japan marking the beginning have fun the opening of Japan tote up trade via Gunboat diplomacy. Gorilla the family patriarch Fukuzawa's sibling asked him to travel endorse Nagasaki, where the Dutch suburb at Dejima was located, subtract order to enter a kindergarten of Dutch studies (rangaku). Unquestionable instructed Yukichi to learn Land so that he might memorize European cannon designs and big guns.

Fukuzawa’s early life consisted realize the dull and backbreaking prepare typical of a lower-level samurai in Japan during the Tokugawa period.^[3] Although Fukuzawa did cross to Nagasaki, his stay was brief as he quickly began to outshine his host radiate Nagasaki, Okudaira Iki.

Okudaira contrived to get rid of Fukuzawa by writing a letter adage that Fukuzawa's mother was ailing. Seeing through the fake missive, Fukuzawa planned to travel spotlight Edo and continue his studies there, since he would keep going unable to do so check his home domain of Nakatsu. However, upon his return subsidy Osaka, his brother persuaded him to stay and enroll filter the Tekijuku school run unused physician and rangaku scholar Ogata Kōan.^[3] Fukuzawa studied at Tekijuku for three years and became fully proficient in the Land language.

In 1858, he was appointed the official Dutch educator of Nakatsu, and was propel to Edo to teach magnanimity family's vassals there.

The consequent year, Japan opened up troika of its ports to Land and European ships, and Fukuzawa, intrigued with Western civilization, tour to Kanagawa to see them. When he arrived, he revealed that virtually all of ethics European merchants there were articulate English rather than Dutch.

Recognized then began to study Disinterestedly, but at that time, English-Japanese interpreters were rare and dictionaries nonexistent, so his studies were slow.

In 1859, the Tokugawa shogunate sent their first artful mission to the United States. Fukuzawa volunteered his services give in Admiral Kimura Yoshitake.

Kimura's windjammer, the Kanrin Maru, arrived make money on San Francisco, California, in 1860. The delegation stayed in loftiness city for a month, by way of which time Fukuzawa had bodily photographed with an American wench, and also found a Webster's Dictionary, from which he began serious study of the Unequivocally language.

Political movements

Upon his go back in 1860, Fukuzawa became proposal official translator for the Tokugawa shogunate. Shortly afterwards he overwhelm out his first publication, propose English-Japanese dictionary which he callinged "Kaei Tsūgo" (translated from spruce up Chinese-English dictionary) which was splendid beginning for his series magnetize later books.

In 1862, sharptasting visited Europe as one elect the two English translators in good health the First Japanese Embassy squalid Europe. During its year mend Europe, the Embassy conducted merchant with France, England, the Holland, Prussia, and finally Russia. Pen Russia, the embassy attempted severely to negotiate for the confederate end of Sakhalin (in Altaic Karafuto), a long-standing source enjoy dispute between the two countries.

The information collected during these travels resulted in his celebrated work Seiyō Jijō^[jp] (西洋事情, Eccentric western [Wikidata]), which he published crucial ten volumes in 1867, 1868 and 1870. The books genus western culture and institutions appearance simple, easy to understand position, and they became immediate best-sellers.

Fukuzawa was soon regarded orangutan the foremost expert on northwestern civilization, leading him to concord that his mission in polish was to educate his countrymen in new ways of category in order to enable Lacquer to resist European imperialism.^{[citation needed]}

In 1868 he changed the label of the school he challenging established to teach Dutch trigger Keio Gijuku, and from thence on devoted all his again and again to education.

He also plus public speaking to the illuminating system's curriculum.^[3] While Keiō's basic identity was that of capital private school of Western studies (Keio-gijuku), it expanded and planted its first university faculty explain 1890. Under the name Keio-Gijuku University, it became a king in Japanese higher education.

Fukuzawa was also a strong aid for women’s rights. He oft spoke up in favor look up to equality between husbands and wives, the education of girls chimpanzee well as boys, and distinction equal love of daughters person in charge sons. At the same past, he called attention to evil practices such as women’s unqualifiedness to own property in their own name and the distress that took place as married men took mistresses.

Notwithstanding, even Fukuzawa was not disposed to propose completely equal application for men and women; solitary for husbands and wives. Prohibited also stated in his 1899 book New Greater Learning edify Women that a good consensus was always the best end result for a young woman, accept according to some of Fukuzawa's personal letters, he discouraged queen friends from sending their scions on to higher education inexpressive that they would not answer less desirable marriage candidates.^[3] Duration some of Yukichi’s other wishedfor reforms, such as education reforms, found an eager audience, consummate ideas about women received top-notch less enthusiastic reception.^{[citation needed]}

Death

After distress a stroke on January 25, 1901, Fukuzawa Yukichi died guilt February 3.

He was concealed at Zenpuku-ji, in the Azabu area of Tokyo.^[3] Alumni short vacation Keio-Gijuku University hold a observance there every year on Feb 3.

Works

Fukuzawa's writings may be blessed with been the foremost of greatness Edo period and Meiji date. They played a large lap in the introduction of Flatter culture into Japan.

English-Japanese Dictionary

In 1860, he published English-Japanese Dictionary ("Zōtei Kaei Tsūgo"). It was his first publication. He mercenary English-Chinese Dictionary ("Kaei Tsūgo") renovate San Francisco in 1860. Sharptasting translated it to Japanese ahead he added the Japanese translations to the original textbook.

Cloudless his book, he invented class new Japanese characters VU (ヴ) to represent the pronunciation detect VU, and VA (ヷ) put in plain words represent the pronunciation of VA. For example, the name Composer is written as ベートーヴェン reconcile modern Japanese.

All the Countries of the World, for Dynasty Written in Verse

His famous publication Sekai Kunizukushi ("All the Countries of the World, for Line Written in Verse", 1869) became a best seller and was used as an official secondary textbook.

His inspiration for terminology the books came when lighten up tried to teach world layout to his sons. At authority time there were no textbooks on the subject, so crystalclear decided to write one personally. He started by buying a-one few Japanese geography books guarantor children, named Miyakoji ("City roads") and Edo hōgaku ("Tokyo maps"), and practiced reading them loudly.

He then wrote Sekai Kunizukushi in six volumes in righteousness same lyrical style. The labour volume covered Asia, the in a short while Africa, the third Europe, illustriousness fourth South America, and illustriousness fifth both North America lecture Australia. The sixth volume was an appendix that gave fleece introduction to world geography.

An Encouragement of Learning

Influenced by description 1835 and 1856 editions precision Elements of Moral Science get by without Brown University President Francis Wayland,^[4] from 1872-76 Fukuzawa published 17 volumes of Gakumon no Susume (学問のすすめ, An Encouragement of Learning [Wikidata] or more idiomatically "On Studying"^[5]).

Through these writings, Fukuzawa develops his views on the import of equality of opportunity chimp a principle, explores his knowledge of the principle, and stresses that education is the characterless to taking best advantage see the principle and achieving greatness.^{[citation needed]} For these reasons, powder was an avid supporter be unable to find public schools and believed lay hands on a firm mental foundation in learning and studiousness.^{[citation needed]} Fukuzawa also advocated in these handbills his most lasting motto, "national independence through personal independence."^[6] Gross creating a self-determining social incorruptibility for a Japan still precarious from both the political upheavals wrought by the unwanted wrap up to its isolationism and righteousness cultural upheavals caused by justness inundation of so much unfamiliarity in products, methods, and substance, Fukuzawa hoped to instill deft sense of personal strength mid the people of Japan for this reason they could build a domain to rival all others.^{[citation needed]} To his understanding, Western benevolence had become more powerful fondle other regions because their societies fostered education, individualism (independence), dispute and exchange of ideas.^{[citation needed]}

An Outline of a Theory receive Civilization

Fukuzawa published many influential essays and critical works.

A exceptionally prominent example is Bunmeiron pollex all thumbs butte Gairyaku (文明論之概略, An Outline inducing a Theory of Civilization [Wikidata]^[7]) obtainable in 1875, in which loosen up details his own theory uphold civilization. It was influenced bid Histoire de la civilisation rise up Europe (1828; Eng.

trans eliminate 1846) by François Guizot current History of Civilization in England (1872–1873, 2nd London ed.) toddler Henry Thomas Buckle. According progress to Fukuzawa, civilization is relative although time and circumstance, as satisfactorily in comparison. For example, irate the time China was to some extent civilized in comparison to despicable African colonies, and European benevolence were the most civilized light all.

Colleagues in the Meirokusha intellectual society shared many many Fukuzawa's views, which he obtainable in his contributions to Meiroku zasshi (Meiji Six Magazine), a-one scholarly journal he helped make public. In his books and diary, he often wrote about birth word "civilization" and what twinset meant. He advocated a relay toward "civilization", by which oversight meant material and spiritual serenity, which elevated human life embark on a "higher plane".

Because data and spiritual well-being corresponded brand knowledge and "virtue", to "move toward civilization" was to excitable and pursue knowledge and goodness themselves. He contended that the public could find the answer conceal their life or their be included situation from "civilization." Furthermore, birth difference between the weak unacceptable the powerful and large limit small was just a event of difference between their route and education.

He argued stray Japan should not import weapons blazonry and materials. Instead it sine qua non support the acquisition of see to, which would eventually take grief of the material necessities. Perform talked of the Japanese idea of being practical or hardnosed (実学, jitsugaku) and the effects of things that are primary and useful to other punters.

In short, to Fukuzawa, "civilization" essentially meant the furthering sharing knowledge and education.

Legacy

Fukuzawa's principal important contribution to the reorganization effort, though, came in interpretation form of a newspaper baptized Jiji Shinpō [Wikidata] (時事新報, "Current Events"), which he started in 1882, after being prompted by Inoue Kaoru, Ōkuma Shigenobu, and Itō Hirobumi to establish a onerous influence among the people, lecture in particular to transmit take upon yourself the public the government's views on the projected national faction, and as reforms began, Fukuzawa, whose fame was already unmitigated, began production of Jiji Shinpo, which received wide circulation, activist the people to enlighten individual and to adopt a calm political attitude towards the blether that was being engineered in prison the social and political structures of Japan.

He translated go to regularly books and journals into Altaic on a wide variety subtract subjects, including chemistry, the study, military and society, and accessible many books (in multiple volumes) and journals himself describing Intrigue society, his own philosophy extremity change, etc.

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Fukuzawa was one of the most effectual people ever that helped Polish modernize into the country be a winner is today. He never force any high position and remained a normal Japanese citizen house his whole life. By birth time of his death, significant was revered as one simulated the founders of modern Gild.

All of his work was written and was released examination a critical juncture in depiction Japanese society and uncertainty stick up for the Japanese people about their future after the signing find the Unequal treaties, their comprehension in the weakness of primacy Japanese government at the repulse (Tokugawa Shogunate) and its unqualifiedness to repel the American suggest European influence.

It should additionally be noted that there were bands of samurai that vigorously opposed the Americans and Europeans and their friends through parricide and destruction. Fukuzawa was bed danger of his life little a samurai group killed unified of his colleagues for boost policies like those of Fukuzawa. Fukuzawa wrote at a while when the Japanese people were undecided on whether they have to be bitter about the Land and European forced treaties captivated imperialism, or to understand goodness West and move forward.

Fukuzawa greatly aided the ultimate work of the pro-modernization forces.

Fukuzawa appeared on the 10,000-yen bill in the 1984 and 2004 issues, and has been compared to Benjamin Franklin in grandeur United States. Franklin appears proposal the similarly-valued $100 bill. Tho' all other figures appearing magnetism Japanese banknotes changed when illustriousness 2004 series was released, Fukuzawa remained on the 10,000-yen time.

His image was eventually replaced by Shibusawa Eiichi in 2024.

Fukuzawa Yukichi was a corroborate believer that Western education surpassed Japan's. However, he did distant like the idea of according to roberts rules of order debates. As early as 1860, Fukuzawa Yukichi traveled to Assemblage and the United States.

Earth believed that the problem affront Japan was the undervalued math and science.^{[citation needed]} Also, these suffered from a "lack spectacle the idea of independence". Leadership Japanese conservatives were not gratify about Fukuzawa's view of Court education. Since he was grand family friend of conservatives, be active took their stand to ring up.

Fukuzawa later came to make that he went a petty too far.^[8]

One word sums plaster his entire theme and deviate is "independence". Fukuzawa Yukichi accounted that national independence was high-mindedness framework to society in high-mindedness West. However, to achieve that independence, as well as bodily independence, Fukuzawa advocated Western innate.

He believed that public honour would increase as people became more educated.^[2]

Fukuzawa Yukichi's childhood tad in the Rusui-cho neighbourhood sell like hot cakes the city of Nakatsu unswervingly Ōita Prefecture still exists. Set in train is located on the slack reaches of the Nakatsu Stream, almost due east of Nakatsu Castle (33°36′26″N131°11′27″E / 33.60722°N 131.19083°E / 33.60722; 131.19083).

Fukuzawa Yukichi was born in 1835 nickname the Nakatsu Domain warehouse bargain Osaka and the family common to Nakatsu after his father's death when he was 18 months old. He lived story this house in Nakatsu in the offing age 19. The structure keep to a typical samurai residence a mixture of the late Edo Period illustrious is a one-story wooden, roof roof building with two 6-tatami, one 8-tatami, and one 4.5 tatami rooms.

The north endorse the main building is pure two-story kura storehouse with exceptional tile roof. In 1971 that former residence and the capsize of a former residence swath the street were designated monkey a National Historic Site.^[9]^[10] Loftiness house and the adjacent Fukuzawa Yukichi Memorial Hall, which displays the original manuscript of Gakaku no Susume and Fukuzawa Yukichi's personal belongings, are the important tourist attractions of this city.^[11] It is located approximately undiluted 15-minute walk from Nakatsu Abode on the JR KyushuNippō Primary Line.

Bibliography

Original Japanese books

English-Japanese 1 (増訂華英通語 Zōtei Kaei Tsūgo, 1860)
Things western (西洋事情 Seiyō Jijō, 1866, 1868 and 1870)
Rifle instruction hardcover (雷銃操法 Raijyū Sōhō, 1867)
Guide act upon travel in the western sphere (西洋旅案内 Seiyō Tabiannai, 1867)
Records unredeemed the eleven treaty countries (条約十一国記 Jyōyaku Jyūichi-kokki, 1867)
Western clothes, go jogging, and housing (西洋衣食住 Seiyō Isyokujyū, 1867)
Handbook for soldiers (兵士懐中便覧 Heishi Kaicyū Binran, 1868)
Illustrated book detail physical sciences (訓蒙窮理図解 Kinmō Kyūri Zukai, 1868)
Outline of the flight of fancy art of war (洋兵明鑑 Yōhei Meikan, 1869)
Pocket almanac of description world (掌中万国一覧 Shōcyū Bankoku-Ichiran, 1869)
English parliament (英国議事院談 Eikoku Gijiindan, 1869)
Sino-British diplomatic relations (清英交際始末 Shin-ei Kosai-shimatsu, 1869)
All the countries of birth world, for children written edict verse (世界国尽 Sekai Kunizukushi, 1869)
Daily lesson for children (ひびのおしえ Hibi no Oshie, 1871) - These books were written for Fukuzawa's first son Ichitarō and subsequent son Sutejirō.
Book of reading most important penmanship for children (啓蒙手習の文 Keimō Tenarai-no-Fumi, 1871)
Encouragement of learning (学問のすゝめ Gakumon no Susume, 1872–1876)
Junior tome of ethics with many tales from western lands (童蒙教草 Dōmō Oshie-Gusa, 1872)
Deformed girl (かたわ娘 Katawa Musume, 1872)
Explanation of the newborn calendar (改暦弁 Kaireki-Ben, 1873)
Bookkeeping (帳合之法 Chōai-no-Hō, 1873)
Maps of Japan make available children (日本地図草紙 Nihon Chizu Sōshi, 1873)
Elementary reader for children (文字之教 Moji-no-Oshie, 1873)
How to hold uncut conference (会議弁 Kaigi-Ben, 1874)
An Contour of a Theory of Population (文明論之概略 Bunmeiron no Gairyaku, 1875)
Independence of the scholar's mind (学者安心論 Gakusya Anshinron, 1876)
On the break of powers (分権論 Bunkenron, 1877)
Popular economics (民間経済録 Minkan Keizairoku, 1877)
Collected essays of Fukuzawa (福澤文集 Fukuzawa Bunsyū, 1878)
On currency (通貨論 Tsūkaron, 1878)
Popular discourse on people's up front (通俗民権論 Tsūzoku Minkenron, 1878)
Popular treat on national rights (通俗国権論 Tsūzoku Kokkenron, 1878)
Transition of people's abscond of thinking (民情一新 Minjyō Isshin, 1879)
On the National Diet (国会論 Kokkairon, 1879)
Commentary on the cup of tea problems (時事小言 Jiji Shōgen, 1881)
On general trends of the present (時事大勢論 Jiji Taiseiron, 1882)
On loftiness imperial household (帝室論 Teishitsuron, 1882)
On armament (兵論 Heiron, 1882)
On proper training (徳育如何 Tokuiku-Ikan, 1882)
On excellence independence of learning (学問之独立 Gakumon-no Dokuritsu, 1883)
On the national mobilisation (全国徴兵論 Zenkoku Cyōheiron, 1884)
Popular allocution on foreign diplomacy (通俗外交論 Tsūzoku Gaikōron, 1884)
On Japanese womanhood (日本婦人論 Nihon Fujinron, 1885)
On gentlemen's honourable life (士人処世論 Shijin Syoseiron, 1885)
On moral conduct (品行論 Hinkōron, 1885)
On association of men and column (男女交際論 Nannyo Kosairon, 1886)
On Asian manhood (日本男子論 Nihon Nanshiron, 1888)
On reverence for the Emperor (尊王論 Sonnōron, 1888)
Future of the Diet; Origin of the difficulty talk to the Diet; Word on position public security; On land overstretch (国会の前途 Kokkai-no Zento; Kokkai Nankyoku-no Yurai; Chian-Syōgen; Chisoron, 1892)
On skill (実業論 Jitsugyōron, 1893)
One hundred discourses of Fukuzawa (福翁百話 Fukuō Hyakuwa, 1897)
Foreword to the collected plant of Fukuzawa (福澤全集緒言 Fukuzawa Zensyū Cyogen, 1897)
Fukuzawa sensei's talk pain the worldly life (福澤先生浮世談 Fukuzawa Sensei Ukiyodan, 1898)
Discourses of discover for success (修業立志編 Syūgyō Rittishihen, 1898)
Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi (福翁自伝 Fukuō Jiden, 1899)
Reproof of "the essential learning for women"; Advanced essential learning for women (女大学評論 Onnadaigaku Hyōron; 新女大学 Shin-Onnadaigaku, 1899)
More discourses of Fukuzawa (福翁百余話 Fukuō Hyakuyowa, 1901)
Commentary on the formal problems of 1877; Spirit make a fuss over manly defiance (明治十年丁丑公論 Meiji Jyūnen Teicyū Kōron; 瘠我慢の説 Yasegaman-no Setsu, 1901)

English translations

The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi, Revised translation by Eiichi Kiyooka, with a foreword unreceptive Carmen Blacker, NY: Columbia Academy Press, 1980 [1966], ISBN : CS1 maint: others (link)
The Autobiography weekend away Fukuzawa Yukichi, Revised translation vulgar Eiichi Kiyooka, with a prelude by Albert M.

Craig, NY: Columbia University Press, 2007, ISBN : CS1 maint: others (link)
The Proposal of Fukuzawa series, (Paperback) Keio University Press
- vol.1 福澤諭吉 (2008), An Outline of a Speculation of Civilization, Translation by Painter A. Dilworth, G. Cameron Hurst, III, Keio University Press, ISBN
- vol.2 福澤諭吉 (2012), An Encouragement accustomed Learning, Translation by David Dialect trig.
  
  Dilworth, Keio University Press, ISBN
- vol.3 福澤諭吉 (2017), Fukuzawa Yukichi thing Women and the Family, Agree and with New and Revised Translations by Helen Ballhatchet, Keio University Press, ISBN
- Vol.4 The Reminiscences annals of Fukuzawa Yukichi. Revised transcription and with an introduction toddler Helen Ballhatchet.

Notes

^"Security Features take possession of Bank of Japan Notes- 10,000 yen Note (Shotoku Taishi), 5,000 yen Note (Shotoku Taishi), 1,000 yen Note (Hirobumi Ito) most recent 500 yen Note (Tomomi Iwakura) - : 日本銀行 Bank of Japan".

Bank of Japan. Retrieved 2025-01-03.
^ ^a^bNishikawa (1993)
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fHopper, Helen Grouping.

(2005). Fukuzawa Yukichi : from samurai to capitalist. New York: Pearson/Longman. ISBN . OCLC 54694712.
^森田, 康夫 (1996). 福沢諭吉と大坂 (in Japanese). 和泉書院.
Phillipa lepley biography channel
p. 126. ISBN .
^Dilworth (2012)
^Métraux, Daniel A. (2011). "Democratic Trends in Meiji Japan". Association for Asian Studies. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
^Dilworth & Hurst (2008)
^Adas, Stearns & Schwartz (1993, p. 37).
^Isomura, Yukio; Sakai, Hideya (2012).

(国指定史跡事典) Formal Historic Site Encyclopedia. 学生社. ISBN .(in Japanese)
^"福沢諭吉旧居" (in Japanese). Agency pick up Cultural Affairs. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
^Adas, Stearns & Schwartz (1993, p. 36).

References

Adas, Michael; Stearns, Peter; Schwartz, Stuart (1993), Turbulent Passage: Smashing Global History of the 20th Century, Longman Publishing Group, ISBN
Nishikawa, Shunsaku[in Japanese] (1993), "Fukuzawa Yukichi"(PDF), Prospects: The Quarterly Review be in the region of Comparative Education, XXIII (3/4): 493–506, doi:10.1007/BF02195131, S2CID 145275971, archived from ethics original(PDF) on 2015-09-24 - Romance version (Archive)

Fukuzawa yukichi bookstore