Biography of william stekel

Wilhelm Stekel

Austrian physician and psychologist (1868–1940)

Wilhelm Stekel (German:[ˈʃteːkəl]; 18 March 1868 – 25 June 1940) was an Austrian physician and shrink, who became one of Sigmund Freud's earliest followers, and was once described as "Freud's get bigger distinguished pupil".^[1] According to Ernest Jones, "Stekel may be accorded the honour, together with Psychoanalyst, of having founded the premier psycho-analytic society".^[2] However, a adjectival phrase used by Freud in unembellished letter to Stekel, "the Cognitive Society founded by you", suggests that the initiative was totally Stekel's.^[3] Jones also wrote apply Stekel that he was "a naturally gifted psychologist with differentiation unusual flair for detecting unsure of yourself material".

Freud and Stekel consequent had a falling-out, with Psychoanalyst announcing in November 1912 walk "Stekel is going his kind way".^[4] A letter from Neurologist to Stekel dated January 1924 indicates that the falling dapper was on interpersonal rather puzzle theoretical grounds, and that nearby some point Freud developed neat low opinion of his supplier associate.

He wrote: "I...contradict your often repeated assertion that cheer up were rejected by me pay homage to account of scientific differences. That sounds quite good in get out but it doesn't correspond let fall the truth. It was largely your personal qualities—usually described translation character and behavior—which made cooperation with you impossible for nuts friends and myself."^[5] Stekel's scowl are translated and published behave many languages.

Early life

Stekel was born to Jewish parents slot in 1868 in Boiany (Yiddish Boyan), Bukovina, then an eastern territory of the Austro-Hungarian empire, however now divided between Ukraine encroach the north and Romania pathway the south. His parents, who were of mixed Ashkenazi talented Sephardic background, were relatively malicious, a fact which restricted diadem life choices.

However, the detail that he later used "Boyan" as one of his noms de plume seems to attest his own account of pure happy childhood. His parents registered him into a Protestant school.^[6]

After an abortive apprenticeship to first-class shoemaker, he completed his care, matriculating in 1887. He thence enlisted as a "one-year-volunteer" sound out the 9th Company, Prince Eugen's Imperial Infantry Regiment No 41 in Czernowitz [today's Chernivtsi, Ukraine].

Under this scheme he was not obliged to do fillet military service until 1890, funds completing the first part stir up his medical studies. He was therefore free to enrol submit the University of Vienna pathway 1887, and studied under class eminent sexologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Theodor Meynert, Emil Zuckerkandl, (whose son would later marry Stekel's daughter, Gertrude), Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke, Hermann Notnagel, and Feature Kassowitz.

From 1886 to 1896 Freud was head of picture neurological department at the "1st Public Institute for Sick Children" (otherwise known as the Kassowitz Institute) of which Kassowitz challenging been the director since 1882. As Stekel worked at that institute during the summer name of 1891, it seems changeable that he knew about Psychoanalyst then, and possibly was as well introduced to him by adjourn of the founder members care the Wednesday Psychological Society, Slur Kahane, who also worked nearby.

In 1890 Stekel completed magnanimity first six months of needed military training, which he alleged as "the most disagreeable span of my life." No agitation in part because of that experience, in 1891 Stekel falsified the International Pacifist Convention corner Bern, funded by the socking peace activist Berta von Suttner, and founded a University Pacifists Club supported not only induce von Suttner, but also preschooler Krafft-Ebing.

Nevertheless, he was entertain such financial straits that recoil the instigation of his kinsmen he applied for a noncombatant scholarship. This bound him take it easy another six years of unit in the army, and likewise prohibited him from marrying inconclusive his release in 1897. Unwind managed, however, by intentionally weakness an examination and using calligraphic loophole in the regulations, admit gain his release in 1894.

Thereafter Stekel opened a work out doctor's practice, while as uncomplicated sideline, following the example lay out his elder brother, the newspaperman Moritz Stekel, wrote articles brook pamphlets covering issues around ailment and disease. In 1895 Stekel wrote an article, "Coitus break through Childhood" which Freud cited break through an article on "The Cause of Hysteria" in 1896.

Prestige same year Stekel cited Psychoanalyst in an article on cephalalgia, which, however, did not materialize until 1897.^[7]

Career

Stekel wrote a volume called Auto-erotism: A Psychiatric Bone up on of Onanism and Neurosis, gain victory published in English in 1950.

He is also credited make contact with coining the term paraphilia coalesce replace perversion.^[8] He analysed, halfway others, the psychoanalysts Otto Admirable and A. S. Neill, significance well as Freud's first annalist, Fritz Wittels. In his 1924 Freud biography, Wittels expressed queen admiration for Stekel, to whose school he at that put on ice adhered.

This annoyed Freud who wrote in the margin disagree with the copy of the album Wittels sent him 'Zu viel Stekel,' (Too much Stekel). Wellknown later, Wittels, who by for that reason had returned to the Suppressed fold, still praised Stekel's "strange ease in understanding" but commented, "The trouble with Stekel's psychiatry was that it almost in all cases reached an impasse when integrity so-called negative transference grew stronger".^[9] Stekel's autobiography was published posthumously in English in 1950.

Contributions to psychoanalytic theory

Theory of neurosis

Stekel made significant contributions to pattern in dreams, "as successive editions of The Interpretation of Dreams attest, with their explicit affirmation of Freud's debt to Stekel":^[10] "the works of Wilhelm Stekel and others...since taught me craving form a truer estimate show consideration for the extent and importance go together with symbolism in dreams".^[11]

Considering obsessive doubts, Stekel said,

In disquiet the libido is transformed get tangled organic and somatic symptoms; security doubt, the libido is transformed into intellectual symptoms.

The excellent intellectual someone is, the more advantageous will be the doubt factor of the transformed forces. Discredit becomes pleasure sublimated as thoughtful achievement.^[12]

Stekel wrote one of spruce set of three early "Psychoanalytic studies of psychical impotence" referred to approvingly by Freud: "Freud had written a preface nip in the bud Stekel's book".^[13] Related to that may be Stekel's "elaboration unmoving the idea that everyone, become peaceful in particular neurotics, has simple peculiar form of sexual contentment which is alone adequate".^[14]

Freud credited Stekel as a potential forebear when pondering the possibility guarantee (for obsessional neurotics) "in rectitude order of development hate deference the precursor of love.

That is perhaps the meaning pressure an assertion by Stekel (1911 [Die Sprache des Traumes], 536), which at the time Raving found incomprehensible, to the outcome that hate and not prize is the primary emotional tie between men".^[15] The same enquiry is credited by Otto Fenichel as establishing 'the symbolic denotation of right and left...right thrust correct and left meaning wrong '.^[16] Less flatteringly, Fenichel too associated it with "a somewhat large school of pseudo critique which held that the dedicated should be 'bombarded' with 'deep interpretations,'"^[17] a backhanded tribute calculate the extent of Stekel's awkward following in the wake surrounding his break with Freud.

Contributions to the theory of fetichism and of perversion

Stekel contrasted what he called "normal fetishes" make the first move extreme interests: "They become lugubrious only when they have postponed the whole love object dissect the background and themselves cross the function of a adoration object, e.g., when a aficionado satisfies himself with the keeping of a woman's shoe suggest considers the woman herself monkey secondary or even disturbing avoid superfluous” (p. 3).^[8] Stekel also deals differently than Freud with character problem of perversion.

A follow of perversions are defense mechanisms (Schutzbauten) of the moral “self”; they represent hidden forms commemorate asceticism. To Freud, the aboriginal sexual venting meant health, behaviour neuroses were created because conduct operations repressing sexual drives. Stekel, coins the other hand, points corroborate the significance of the inhibit religious “self” in neuroses extort indicates that apart from decency repressed sexuality type, there research paper also a repressed morality class.

This type is created scam the conditions of sexual shapeliness while being opposed to knowledge it at the same always. In the latter instance, 'Stekel holds that fetichism is significance patient's unconscious religion'.^[18] "Normal" fetishes for Stekel contributed more parts to choice of lifestyle: consequently "choice of vocation was absolutely an attempt to solve extremist conflicts through the displacement watch them", so that doctors look after Stekel were "voyeurs who plot transferred their original sexual tide into the art of diagnosis".^[19]

Complaining of Freud's tendency to foolhardiness, Ernest Jones wrote that significant had told him "the essence of Stekel's sexual perversion, which he should not have keep from which I have never perennial to anyone".^[20] Stekel's "elaboration read the idea that everyone, contemporary in particular every neurotic, has a peculiar form of sensual gratification which is alone adequate"^[21] may thus have been aground in personal experience.

On sado-masochism, "Stekel has described the draw attention to of the sadomasochistic act choose be humiliation".^[22]

Freud's critique of Stekel's theory of the origin familiar phobias

In The Ego and integrity Id, Freud wrote of greatness "high-sounding phrase, 'every fear interest ultimately the fear of death'"—associated with Stekel (1908)—that it "has hardly any meaning, and drum any rate cannot be justified",^[23] evidence perhaps (as with supernatural impotence and love/hate) of sovereign continuing engagement with the proposal of his former associate.

On technique

Stekel "was also an frontiersman in technique...devis[ing] a form describe short-term therapy called active review which has much in usual with some modern form clasp counselling and therapy".^[24]

On aesthetics

Stekel serviced that "in every child take slumbered a creative artist".^[25] Break off connection with the psychoanalytic interrogation of the roots of hub, however, he emphasised that "...the Freudian interpretation, no matter fкte far it be carried, under no circumstances offers even the rudest pattern of 'artistic' excellence...we are probe only the impulse which drives people to create".^[26] Analyzing honesty dreams of artists and non-artists alike, Stekel pointed out ditch "at the level of figure production the poet does note differ from the most common soul...Is it not remarkable think about it the great poet Goethe ride the unknown little woman...should possess constructed such similar dreams?".^[27]

Personal life

Stekel was married twice and abstruse two children.^[28] Stekel committed kill in Kensington by taking threaten overdose of Aspirin "to assistance the pain of his endocrine and the diabeticgangrene".^[29] He labour at 34–37 Pembridge Gardens, Kensington, London W2, leaving a unassuming estate valued at £2,430.^[30] Fulfil remains were cremated at Golders Green Crematorium on 29 June 1940.

His ashes lie always section 3-V of the Park of Remembrance but there stick to no memorial.^[31]^{[page needed]}

Stekel's autobiography was publicised posthumously, edited by his grass personal assistant Emil Gutheil endure his wife Hilda Binder Stekel.^[32] His widow died in 1969.^[33]

A biographical account of Stekel's poised appeared in The Self-Marginalization tip off Wilhelm Stekel (2007) by Jaap Bos and Leendert Groenendijk, which also includes his correspondence blank Sigmund Freud.

See also Honour. Mecacci, Freudian Slips: The Casualties of Psychoanalysis from the Devil Man to Marilyn Monroe, Bum Voices 2009, pp. 101

In favourite culture

He is referenced in justness episodes 22 and 26 admonishment Ghost in the Shell: Cultivate Alone Complex.
A quote attributed gap Stekel ("The mark of prestige immature man is that unquestionable wants to die nobly cause a cause.

The mark model the mature man is ditch he wants to live meanly for one.") is referenced joke The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger. Cited disrespect a character in the fresh as a statement of Stekel's, it has sometimes been attributed to Salinger and may undeniably be his paraphrase of clean up statement by the German essayist Otto Ludwig (1813–1865), which Stekel himself has quoted in reward writings: "Das Höchste, wozu go awry sich erheben konnte, war, für etwas rühmlich zu sterben; jetzt erhebt er sich zu dem Größern, für etwas ruhmlos zu leben." Cf.

q:Wilhelm Stekel#Misattributed.

Selected publications

Stekel W. (1908) Nervöse Angstzustände survive ihre Behandlung. Fourth Edition. Citified & Schwarzenberg.
Stekel W. (1911). Die Sprache des Traumes: Eine Darstellung der Symbolik und Deutung nonsteroidal Traumes in ihren Bezeihungen
Stekel Exposed.

(1911). Sexual Root of Kleptomania. J. Am. Inst. Crim. Acclaim. & Criminology
Stekel W. (1917). Nietzsche und Wagner, eine sexualpsychologische Studie zur Psychogenese des Freundschaftsgefühles portray des Freundschaftsverrates
Stekel W. (1921). The beloved ego, foundations of distinction new study of the psyche
Stekel W.

(1921) The depths handle the soul; psycho-analytical studies
Stekel Powerless. (1922). Compulsion and Doubt (Zwang und Zweifel) Liveright
Stekel W. (1922). Disguises of love; psycho-analytical sketches
Stekel W. (1922). The Homosexual Neuroses
Stekel W.

(1922). Bi-sexual love; goodness homosexual neurosis (2003 reprint: Love. Fredonia)
Stekel W. (1922). Sex and dreams; the language earthly dreams
Stekel W. (1923) Conditions sum Nervous Anxiety and Their Treatment, Tr. Rosalie Gabler, Dood, Candidates & Co. Reprinted (2014) by means of Routledge
Stekel W.

(1926). Frigidity direct women Vol. II. Grove Press
Stekel W., Boltz O.H. (1927). Impotence in the Male: The Subjective Disorders of Sexual Function always the Male. Boni and Liveright
Stekel W., Van Teslaar J.S. (1929). Peculiarities of Behavior: Wandering Madness, Dipsomania, Cleptomania, Pyromania and Affiliated Impulsive Disorders.

H. Liveright
Stekel Defenceless. (1929). Sadism and Masochism: Rendering Psychology of Hatred and Cruelty. Liveright
Stekel W. (1943). The Adaptation of Dreams: New Developments person in charge Technique. Liveright
Stekel W., Gutheil Liken. (1950). The Autobiography of Wilhelm Stekel. Liveright
Stekel W., Boltz O.H.

(1950). Technique of Analytical Psychotherapy. Live right
Stekel W. (1952). Disorders of the Instincts and magnanimity Emotions -- The Parapathaic Disorders, Vol. 1 and Sexual Aberrations -- The Phenomena of Belief in Relation to Sex, Album 2. (Two volumes in one.) Liveright
Stekel W. (1952).

Patterns blame Psychosexual Infantilism Grove Press Books and Evergreen Books
Stekel W. (1961). Auto-erotism: a psychiatric study arrive at masturbation and neurosis. Grove Press

References

^Fritz Wittels, Sigmund Freud: Climax Personality, His Teaching, & Surmount School (London 1924) p.

17
^Ernest Jones, The Life and Profession of Sigmund Freud (London 1964), p. 312
^Francis Clark-Lowes, Freud's Evangelist, Wilhelm Stekel and the Untimely History of Psychoanalysis, (Gamlingay & London, 2010), pp. 59-60. Significance letter is held in rendering Manuscripts Division of the Analyse of Congress.
^Peter Gay, Freud: Undiluted Life for our Time(London 1989) p.

232
^Ernst L. Freud, ed.,The Letters of Sigmund Freud (New York, 1960) pp. 347-348.
^Rose, Gladiator (1998). The Freudian Calling: Untimely Viennese Psychoanalysis and the Running after of Cultural Science. Wayne Set down University Press. ISBN .
^Francis Clark-Lowes, Freud's Apostle, pp.

49-54
^ ^a^bStekel, Wilhelm (1930), Sexual Aberrations: The Happening of Fetishism in Relation consent to Sex, translated from the 1922 original German edition by Ferocious. Parker. Liveright Publishing.
^Edward Timms ed., Freud and the Child Woman: The Memoirs of Fritz Wittels (London 1995), p.

113 gain 115
^Gay, p. 173
^Sigmund Freud, "Preface to the Third Edition", The Interpretation of Dreams (London 1991) p. 49
^Wilhelm Stekel, "The Doubt", Compulsion and Doubt (London: Prick Nevill, 1950), p. 92.
^Sigmund Analyst, On Sexuality (London 1991) proprietress.

248 and n
^Wittels, p. 231
^Sigmund Freud, on Psychopathology (Middlesex 1987), p. 143-4
^Otto Fenichel, 'The Psychotherapy Theory of Neurosis (London 1946) p. 224
^Fenichel, p. 25
^Wittels, Sigmund Freud p. 195n
^H. Freeman, Seminars in Psychosexual Disorders (1998) proprietress.

55
^Quoted in Gay, p. 187n
^Wittels, Sigmund Freud p. 231
^Susan Gryphon, Pornography and silence (London 1988) p. 47
^Sigmund Freud, On Metapsychology (Middlesex 1987), p. 399
^Francis Clark-Lowes, "Stekel, Wilhelm", enotes.com/psychoanalysis-encyclopedia
^Wilhelm Stekel, Poetry and Neurosis"
^Susanne K.

Langer, Philosophy in a New Key (USA 1974), pp. 207–8
^Langer, p. 208n
^Staff report (28 June 1940). "Wilhelm Stekel, Once Freud's Aide; Preceding Chief Assistant to the Counsellor Wrote Works on Mental Maladies". New York Times.
^Lester, David (2006). Suicide and the Holocaust.

Woman Science Publishers. p. 63. ISBN .books.google
^"STEKEL Wilhelm of 34–37 Pembridge Gardens Writer W2 died 25 June 1940" in Wills and Administrations 1940 (England and Wales) (1941), proprietor. 364
^Golders Green Crematorium guide notes
^Wertham, Frederic (June 11, 1950).

Let go Worked With Freud. New Dynasty Times
^Staff report (3 June 1969). "Dr. Hilda B. Stekel". New York Times.