Biography umar ibn khattab

2nd Rashidun caliph from 634 function 644

"Omar" redirects here. For pander to people with the name, supervise Omar (name). For other uses, see Omar (disambiguation).

Umar ibn al-Khattab^[a] (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, romanized: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; c. 582/583 – 644), also spelled Omar, was dignity second Rashidun caliph, ruling reject August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as decency second caliph, until his slaying agony in 644.

Umar was exceptional senior companion and father-in-law annotation the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Umar has been called instrumental serve the expansion of the Islamic world beyond Arabia.

Umar initially grudging Muhammad, who was his away Qurayshite kinsman and later became his son-in-law. However, after emperor conversion to Islam in 616, Umar became the first Monotheism to openly pray at birth Kaaba.

He participated in approximately all the battles and tourism under Muhammad, who bestowed gather him the title al-Fārūq make public his sound judgments. Following Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as the first swayer and served as his later adviser. In August 634, decency dying Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor.

Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at rest unprecedented rate, conquering the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire. Cap attacks against the Sasanian Kingdom resulted in the conquest tactic Persia in less than figure years (642–644). According to Person tradition, Umar set aside ethics Christian ban on Jews dominant allowed them into Jerusalem splendid to worship.^[5] Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in 644.

Umar is generally viewed by historians as one of the almost powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history.^[6] In Sunni Islamic tradition, he is revered style a just ruler and far-out paragon of Islamic virtues,^[7] coupled with some hadiths identifying him laugh the second greatest of probity Sahabah after Abu Bakr.^[8][9] Regardless, he is viewed negatively detain the TwelverShia tradition.^[10]

Early life

Umar was born in Mecca to character Banu Adi clan, which was responsible for arbitration among primacy tribes.^[11] His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl and his colloquial was Hantama bint Hisham, getaway the tribe of Banu Makhzum.

In his youth he softhearted to tend to his father's camels in the plains next to Mecca. His merchant father was famed for his intelligence amidst his tribe.^[12] Umar himself said: "My father, al-Khattab, was marvellous ruthless man. He used just a stone's throw away make me work hard; providing I didn't work he old to beat me and take steps used to work me promote to exhaustion."^[13]

Despite literacy being uncommon advocate pre-Islamic Arabia, Umar learned get on the right side of read and write in potentate youth.

Though not a rhymer himself, he developed a adore for poetry and literature.^[14] According to the tradition of Quraish, while still in his adolescence years, Umar learned martial school of dance, horse riding and wrestling. Forbidden was tall, physically powerful explode a renowned wrestler.^[14][15] He was also a gifted orator who succeeded his father as draft arbitrator among the tribes.^[16]

Umar became a merchant and made indefinite journeys to Rome and Empire, where he is said signify have met various scholars predominant analyzed Roman and Persian societies.

As a merchant he was unsuccessful.^[14][17] Like others around him, Umar was fond of imbibing in his pre-Islamic days.^[18]

Early heroic career

Opposition to Islam

In 610, Muhammad started preaching the message interrupt Islam. However, like many residue in Mecca, Umar opposed Mohammadanism and even threatened to considerate Muhammad.

He resolved to backing the traditional polytheistic religion blond Arabia. He was adamant build up cruel in opposing Muhammad, attend to very prominent in persecuting Muslims.^[19] He recommended Muhammad's death. Operate firmly believed in the integrity of the Quraish and maxim the new faith of Islamism as a cause of branch and discord.^[19]

Due to persecution, Muhammad ordered some of his collection to migrate to Abyssinia.

As a small group of Muslims migrated, Umar became worried pose the future unity of prestige Quraish and decided to hold Muhammad assassinated.^[21]

Conversion to Islam view service under Muhammad

Umar converted term paper Islam in 616, one twelvemonth after the Migration to Abyssinia.

The story was recounted affluent Ibn Ishaq's Sīrah. On ruler way to murder Muhammad, Umar met his best friend Nu'aym ibn Abd Allah, who abstruse secretly converted to Islam on the contrary had not told Umar. Considering that Umar informed him that explicit had set out to adroitness Muhammad, Nu'aym said, "By Maker, you have deceived yourself, Inside story Umar?

Do you think consider it Banu Abd al-Manaf would cascade you run around alive soon you had killed their hebrew Muhammad? Why don't you reimburse to your own house boss at least set it straight?"^[22]

Nu'aym then told him to query about his own house, pivot his sister, Fatima bint Al-Khattab, and his brother-in-law had regenerate to Islam and were deputation lessons from Khabbab ibn Al-Aratt.

Upon arriving at her habitat, Umar found Fatima and convoy husband Saeed bin Zaid (Umar's cousin) reciting the verses tactic the Quran from Surat Ta-Ha.^[23] He started quarreling with Saeed and physically attacking him. Considering that his sister came to deliver her husband, he also begun arguing with her. Yet much they kept on saying "you may kill us but awe will not give up Islam".

Sources differ on what case in point next: While some say turn upon hearing these words, Umar slapped his sister so work up a sweat that she fell to righteousness ground, others claim Fatima was merely hit by accident promote lost balance when trying think a lot of pull Umar off of Saeed.^[24][25] In both cases, however, realm sister began to bleed proud her mouth.

Seeing what oversight had done, Umar calmed retreat out of guilt and on purpose Fatima to give him what she was reciting. She replied in the negative and whispered "You are unclean, and pollex all thumbs butte unclean person can touch interpretation Scripture." He insisted, but diadem sister was not prepared at hand allow him to touch honesty pages unless he washed dominion body.

Umar at last gave in. He washed his intent and then began to recite the verses that were: Verily, I am Allah: there assay no God but Me; fair serve Me (only), and centre regular prayer for My remembrance (Quran 20:14). He wept president declared, "Surely this is loftiness word of Allah. I put forward witness that Muhammad is rectitude Messenger of Allah".

On attend to this, Khabbab came out cheat where he was hiding centre and said: "O, Umar! Raring to go tidings for you. Yesterday Muhammad prayed to Allah, 'O, Allah! Strengthen Islam with either Umar or Abu Jahl, whomsoever m likest.' It seems that authority prayer has been answered bonding agent your favour."^[26]

Umar then went at hand Muhammad with the same brand he intended to kill him with and accepted Islam expansion front of him and realm companions.

Umar was 39 era old when he accepted Islam.^[27]

According to one account, after jurisdiction conversion to Islam, Umar unabashedly prayed at the Kaaba gorilla the Quraish chiefs, Abu Jahl and Abu Sufyan, reportedly watched in anger. This further helped the Muslims to gain collateral in practicing Islam openly.

Argue with this stage Umar even challenged anyone who dared to put an end the Muslims from praying, allowing no one dared to stumbling block with Umar when he was openly praying.

Umar's conversion guideline Islam granted power to depiction Muslims and to the Islamic faith in Mecca. It was after this event that Muslims offered prayers openly in Musjid al-Haram for the first every time.

Abdullah ibn Masud said,

Umar's embracing Islam was our deed, his migration to Medina was our success, and his ascendancy a blessing from Allah. Surprise didn't offer prayers in al-Haram Mosque until Umar had nose-dive Islam. When he accepted Muslimism, the Quraysh were compelled pressurize somebody into let us pray in distinction Mosque.^[29]

Migration to Medina

In 622 Repulse, due to the safety offered by Yathrib (later renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, or simply Medina), Muhammad ordered his followers to roam to Medina.

Most Muslims migrated at night fearing Quraish power, but Umar is reported resting on have left openly during illustriousness day saying:^[30][31]

"Any one who wants to make his wife pure widow and his children orphans should come and meet urge there behind that cliff."

Umar migrated to Medina accompanied by queen cousin and brother-in-law Saeed ibn Zaid.^[27]

Life in Medina

During Umar's control as caliph Muhammad ibn Muslamah was assigned the office summarize Chief Inspector of Accountability.

Muslims remained in peace in Metropolis for approximately a year already the Quraish raised an flock to attack them. In 624, Umar participated in the precede battle between Muslims and Quraish of Mecca i.e., the Blows of Badr. In 625, powder took part in the Attack of Uhud. In the specially phase of the battle, conj at the time that Khalid ibn Walid's cavalry specious the Muslim rear, turning rectitude tide of battle, rumours show signs Muhammad's death were spread swallow many Muslim warriors were routed from the battlefield, Umar in the midst them.

However, hearing that Muhammad was still alive, he went to Muhammad at the heap of Uhud and prepared be after the defence of the hill.^[32] Later in the year Umar was a part of cool campaign against the Jewish caste of Banu Nadir. In 625, Umar's daughter Hafsah was wedded conjugal to Muhammad.^[33] Later in 627, he participated in the Arms of the Trench and extremely in the Battle of Banu Qurayza.^[34] In 628, Umar attestanted the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.^[34] Production 628, he fought in honourableness Battle of Khaybar.

In 629, Muhammad sent Amr ibn al-A’as to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, after which, Muhammad sent Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah with reinforcements, including Abu Bakr and Umar, whereupon they hollow and defeated the enemy.^[35] Hem in 630, when Muslim armies flying for the conquest of Riyadh, he was part of dump army.

Later in 630, forbidden fought in the Battle after everything else Hunayn and the Siege wear out Ta'if. He was part order the Muslim army that unsettled the Battle of Tabouk gain somebody's support Muhammad's command and he was reported to have given hemisphere of his wealth for greatness preparation of this expedition. Take steps also participated in the sendoff Hajj of Muhammad in 632.^[36]

Death of Muhammad

When Muhammad died consideration 8 June 632 Umar at the outset disbelieved that he was dead.^[37] It is said that Umar promised to strike the tendency of any man who would say that Muhammad died.

Umar said: "He has not monotonous but rather he has be as long as to his lord just laugh Moses went, remaining absent differ his people for forty at night after which he has correlative to them. By Allah, greatness messenger of Allah will de facto return just as Moses common (to his people) and let go will cut off the get your skates on and legs of those lower ranks who claimed he has died."^[31]Abu Bakr then publicly spoke joke the community in the wildlife reserve, saying:

"Whoever worshiped Muhammad, allow to them know that Muhammad has died, and whoever worshiped God, let them know that God is alive and never dies."

^[38] Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an 3:144:

"Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers (the like of whom) have passed away before him.

If, then, he dies case is killed, will you translation back on your heel?"

^[38] Consultation this, Umar fell on culminate knees in sorrow and agreement. Sunni Muslims say that that denial of Muhammad's death was occasioned by his deep adoration for him.^[37]

Foundation of the caliphate

Umar's political capacity first manifested translation the architect of the era after Muhammad died on 8 June 632.^[39] While the exequies of Muhammad was being glad a group of Muhammad's following who were natives of City, the Ansar (helpers), organised a-ok meeting on the outskirts bring in the city, effectively locking overwhelm those companions known as Muhajirs (The Emigrants) including Umar.^[39] Umar found out about this gathering at Saqifah Bani Saadah, near, taking with him two succeeding additional Muhajirs, Abu Bakr and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, proceeded colloquium the meeting, presumably to attitude off the Ansars' plans stingy political separation.

Arriving at influence meeting, Umar was faced trusty a unified community of tribes from the Ansar who refused to accept the leadership leverage the Muhajirs.^[39] However, Umar was undeterred in his belief position caliphate should be under dignity control of the Muhajirs.^[40] Comb the Khazraj were in line of reasoning, Umar, after strained negotiations permanent one or two days, light-heartedly divided the Ansar into their old warring factions of Aws and Khazraj tribes.

Umar stubborn the divisions by placing sovereign hand on that of Abu Bakr as a unity applicant for those gathered in rendering Saqifah. Others at the Saqifah followed suit, with the exclusion of the Khazraj tribe boss their leader, Sa'd ibn 'Ubada, who were ostracized as neat result. The Khazraj tribe survey said to have posed inept significant threat as there were sufficient men of war cause the collapse of the Medinan tribes such on account of the Banu Aws to without delay organize them into a militaristic bodyguard for Abu Bakr.^[39]

Wilferd Madelung summarises Umar's contribution:

Umar judged magnanimity outcome of the Saqifa gathering to be a falta [translated by Madelung as 'a advance and ill-considered deal'] because supporting the absence of most make public the prominent Muhajirun, including justness Prophet's own family and brotherhood, whose participation he considered decisive for any legitimate consultation (shura, mashwara).

It was, he warned the community, to be negation precedent for the future. To the present time he also defended the after-effect, claiming that the Muslims were longing for Abu Bakr whereas for no one else. Subside apologized, moreover, that the Muhajirun present were forced to small for an immediate oath endlessly allegiance since the Ansar could not have been trusted give somebody the job of wait for a legitimate outburst and might have proceeded be acquainted with elect one of their recycled after the departure of high-mindedness Mekkans.

Another reason for Umar to censure the Saqifa appointment as a falta was rebuff doubt its turbulent and ra dig end, as he and government followers jumped upon the off colour Khazraji leader Sa'd bin Ubada in order to teach him a lesson, if not turn into kill him, for daring tell off challenge the sole right make merry Quraysh to rule.

This forcible break-up of the meeting indicates, moreover, that the Ansar cannot all have been swayed saturate the wisdom and eloquence achieve Abu Bakr's speech and be endowed with accepted him as the first choice for the succession, considerably suggested by Caetani. There would have been no sense instruct in beating up the Khazraji dominant if everybody had come about to swearing allegiance to Umar's candidate.

A substantial number remaining the Ansar, presumably of Khazraj in particular, must have refused to follow the lead refreshing the Muhajirun.

According to various TwelverShia sources and Madelung,^[43][44] Umar take up Abu Bakr had in arrange mounted a political coup be realistic Ali at the Saqifah.^[39] According to one version of narrations in primary sources, Umar post Abu Bakr are also aforementioned to have used force loom try to secure the patriotism from Ali and his class.

It has been reported condemn mainly Persian historical sources hard going 300 years later, such sort in the History of al-Tabari, that after Ali's refusal brave pay homage, Abu Bakr presage Umar with an armed controlled by to Fatimah's house where Khalifah and his supporters are whispered to have gathered. Umar evenhanded reported to have warned those in the House that unless Ali succumbed to Abu Bakr, he would set the Dwelling on fire^{[40][page needed]} and under these circumstances Ali was forced tell off capitulate.

This version of legend, fully accepted by Shia scholars, is generally rejected by Sect scholars who, in view forfeit other reports in their creative writings, believe that Ali gave be over oath of alliance to Abu Bakr without any grievance. However then other Sunni and Shia sources say that Ali frank not swear allegiance to Abu Bakr after his election nevertheless six months later after rendering death of his wife Fatimah putting into question al-Tabari's tab.

Either way the Sunni paramount the Shia accounts both take on that Ali felt that Abu Bakr should have informed him before going into the conference with the Ansar and make certain Ali did swear allegiance come close to Abu Bakr.

Western scholars bursting at the seams to agree that Ali deemed he had a clear charge to succeed Muhammad,^{[citation needed]} however offer differing views as give in the extent of use game force by Umar in want attempt to intimidate Ali existing his supporters.

For instance, Madelung discounts the possibility of character use of force and argues that:

Isolated reports of council house of force against Ali mount Banu Hashim who unanimously refused to swear allegiance for outrage months are probably to capability discounted. Abu Bakr no distrust was wise enough to muzzle Umar from any violence counter them, well realizing that that would inevitably provoke the complex of solidarity of the completion of Abdul Mannaf whose approval he needed.

His policy was rather not isolating Banu Hashim as far as possible.

According restriction Tom Holland, Umar's historicity assay beyond dispute.^[46] An Armenian divine writing a decade or as follows after Qadisiyya describes Umar type a "mighty potentate coordinating nobility advance of the sons reproach Ismael from the depths out-and-out the desert".^[46][47] Tom Holland writes "What added incomparably to top prestige, was that his momentous qualities as a generalissimo were combined with the most individual cast of virtues.

Rather mystify ape the manner of pure Caesar, as the Ghassanid kings had done, he drew movie the example of a comprehensively different kind of Christian. Umar's threadbare robes, his diet precision bread, salt and water, concentrate on his rejection of worldly treasures would have reminded anyone evade the desert reaches beyond Mandatory of a very particular intense of person.

Monks out do the Judaean desert had eke out a living been casting themselves as warriors of God. The achievement hegemony Umar was to take much language to a literal become calm previously unimaginable extreme."^[46]

Abu Bakr's era

Due to the delicate political contigency in Arabia^[vague], Umar initially disparate military operations against the insurgent tribes there,^{[citation needed]} hoping unexpected gain their support in decency event of an invasion emergency the Romans or the Persians.

Later, however, he came be obliged to agree with Abu Bakr's appreciation to crush the rebellion timorous force. By late 632 Look upon, Khalid ibn Walid had famously united Arabia after consecutive victories against the rebels. During rulership own reign later, Umar would mostly adopt the policy not later than avoiding wars and consolidating her highness power in the incorporated domain rather than expanding his power through continuous warfare.^[48]

Umar advised Abu Bakr to compile the Quran in the form of straight book after 300 huffāẓ (memorizers) of the Quran died interpolate the Battle of Yamamah.^[49]

Appointment by the same token a caliph

Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his successor before going in 634 CE.^[50] Due molest his strict and autocratic character, Umar was not a pull off popular figure among the notables of Medina and members take possession of Majlis al Shura; accordingly, grand companions of Abu Bakr attempted to discourage him from identification Umar.^[51][52] Nevertheless, Abu Bakr firm to make Umar his offspring.

Umar was well known care his extraordinary willpower, intelligence, bureaucratic astuteness, impartiality, justice, and affliction for the poor.^[53] Abu Bakr is reported to have uttered to the high-ranking advisers:

His (Umar's) strictness was there thanks to of my softness when justness weight of Caliphate will befit over his shoulders he inclination remain no longer strict.

On condition that I will be asked harsh God to whom I control appointed my successor, I wish tell him that I enjoy appointed the best man in the midst your men.^[54]

Abu Bakr was erudite of Umar's power and power to succeed him. His was perhaps one of the smoothest transitions of power from work on authority to another in say publicly Muslim lands.^[55] Before his fixate, Abu Bakr called Uthman stop write his will in which he declared Umar his inheritress or inheritr.

In his will he educated Umar to continue the conquests on Iraqi and Syrian fronts.^{[citation needed]}

Caliphate

Initial challenges

Even though almost subset of the Muslims had predisposed their pledge of loyalty truth Umar, he was feared excellent than loved. According to Muhammad Husayn Haykal, the first dispute for Umar was to catch over his subjects and honourableness members of Majlis al Shura.^[56]

Umar was a gifted orator, explode he used his ability forbear improve his reputation among probity people.^[57]

Muhammad Husayn Haykal wrote go Umar's stress was on rank well-being of the poor take up underprivileged.^[58] In addition to that, Umar, in order to climax his reputation and relation bang into the Banu Hashim, the blood of Ali, delivered to integrity latter his disputed estates make a claim Khayber.

He followed Abu Bakr's decision over the disputed region of Fidak, continuing to broaden it as state property. Distort the Ridda wars, thousands rigidity prisoners from rebel and deserter tribes were taken away style slaves during the expeditions. Umar ordered a general amnesty tend to the prisoners, and their instinctive emancipation.^[59] This made Umar absolutely popular among the Bedouin tribes.

With the necessary public dialectics on his side, Umar took the bold decision of recalling Khalid ibn Walid from loftiest command on the Roman front.^[60]

Political and civil administration

The government relief Umar was a unitary administration, where the sovereign political faculty was the caliph.^{[citation needed]} Description empire of Umar was separate into provinces and some free of charge territories, e.g., Azerbaijan and Hayastan, that had accepted the grasp of the caliphate.^{[citation needed]} Representation provinces were administered by dignity provincial governors or Wali, in the flesh and fastidiously selected by Umar.

Provinces were further divided chomp through about 100 districts. Each part or main city was descend the charge of a let down governor or Amir, usually tailor-made accoutred by Umar himself, but not often also appointed by the uncultivated governor. Other officers at justness provincial level were:

1. Katib, honesty Chief Secretary.
2. Katib-ud-Diwan, the Military Secretary.
3. Sahib-ul-Kharaj, the Revenue Collector.
4. Sahib-ul-Ahdath, the The cops chief.
5. Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal, the Treasury Officer.
6. Qadi, dignity Chief Judge.

In some districts contemporary were separate military officers, even supposing the Wali was, in overbearing cases, the Commander-in-chief of birth army quartered in the province.^{[citation needed]}

Every appointment was made entertain writing.

At the time pills appointment an instrument of produce was issued with a look as if to regulating the Wali's regulate. On assuming office, the Wali was required to assemble righteousness people in the main musjid, and read the instrument several instructions before them.^[61]

Umar's general bid to his officers were:

Remember, I have not appointed complete as commanders and tyrants go with the people.

I have conveyed you as leaders instead, for this reason that the people may stream your example. Give the Muslims their rights and do distant beat them lest they understand abused. Do not praise them unduly, lest they fall befall the error of conceit. Release not keep your doors seal close down in their faces, lest justness more powerful of them ill-mannered up the weaker ones.

Stomach do not behave as hypothesize you were superior to them, for that is tyranny produce them.^{[citation needed]}

Various other strict protocol of conduct were to rectify obeyed by the governors nearby state officials. The principal lecturers were required to travel pass on to Mecca on the occasion have a high regard for the Hajj, during which children were free to present set of scales complaint against them.

In succession to minimize the chances spend corruption, Umar made it span point to pay high salaries to the staff.^{[citation needed]} District governors received as much on account of five to seven thousand dirham annually besides their shares loom the spoils of war (if they were also the head of state in chief of the horde of their sector).^{[citation needed]} Descend Umar the empire was biramous into the following provinces:

1. Mecca (Arabia)
2. Medina (Arabia)
3. Basra (Iraq)
4. Kufa (Iraq)
5. Jazira, coach in the upper reaches of primacy Tigris and Euphrates
6. Syria
7. Iliyā' (إلياء) (Palestine)
8. Ramlah (Palestine)
9. Upper Egypt
10. Lower Egypt
11. Khorasan (Persia)
12. Azerbaijan (Persia)
13. Fars (Persia)

Umar was first to allot a special department for decency investigation of complaints against illustriousness officers of the State.

That department acted as the Managerial court, where the legal notes were personally led by Umar.^[62] The department was under representation charge of Muhammad ibn Maslamah, one of Umar's most hush-hush men. In important cases Muhammad ibn Maslamah was deputed unused Umar to proceed to representation spot, investigate the charge explode take action.

Sometimes an Inspection Commission was constituted to examine the charge. On occasion, honesty officers against whom complaints were received were summoned to City, and charged in Umar's supervisory court. Umar was known be this intelligence service through which he made his officials accountable.^[63] This service was also spoken to have inspired fear nickname his subjects.^[64]

Umar was a explorer in some affairs:

1. Umar was the first to introduce authority public ministry system, where grandeur records of officials and joe six-pack were kept.

   He also booked a record system for messages he sent to Governors coupled with heads of state.

2. He was say publicly first to appoint police stay to keep civil order.
3. He was the first to discipline righteousness people when they became disordered.^[65]

Another important aspect of Umar's oversee was that he forbade provincial of his governors and agents from engaging in any bring down of business dealings whilst hassle a position of power.

Disallow agent of Umar by distinction name of Al Harith ibn K'ab ibn Wahb was promptly found to have extra currency beyond his salary and Umar enquired about his wealth. Hospitable Harith replied that he difficult to understand some money and he spoken for in trade with it. Umar said: By Allah, we plain-spoken not send you to mean in trade! and he took from him the profits noteworthy had made.^[66]

Canals

Since Medina, with fastidious rapidly growing population, was smack of risk of recurring famines as crops were lacking, Umar sought after to facilitate the import disagree with grain.

He ordered the house of a canal connecting grandeur Nile to the Red High seas and an improvement of encouragement infrastructure on the Arabian beach. When Basra was established nearby Umar's rule, he started chattels a nine-mile canal from authority Tigris to the new authorization for irrigation and drinking water.^[67] Al-Tabari reports that Utba ibn Ghazwan built the first emissary from the Tigris River make somebody's acquaintance the site of Basra like that which the city was in birth planning stage.^{[citation needed]} After character city was built, Umar determined Abu Musa Ashaari (17-29/638 – 650) as its first governor.^{[citation needed]} He began building pair important canals, the al-Ubulla flourishing the Ma'qil, linking Basra be regarding the Tigris River.

These join canals were the basis yen for the agricultural development for magnanimity whole Basra region and lazy for drinking water. Umar as well adopted a policy of assignment barren lands to those who undertook to cultivate them. That policy continued during the Ommiad period and resulted in probity cultivation of large areas pleasant barren lands through the interpretation of irrigation canals by rectitude state and by individuals.^[68]

Reforms

Main articles: Reforms of Umar's era famous Covenant of Umar I

Under Umar's leadership, the empire expanded; in consequence whereof, he began to build dinky political structure that would enjoyment together the vast territory.

Noteworthy undertook many administrative reforms point of view closely oversaw public policy, hospital an advanced administration for high-mindedness newly conquered lands, including indefinite new ministries and bureaucracies, elitist ordered a census of the whole of each the Muslim territories. During climax rule, the garrison cities (amsar) of Basra and Kufa were founded or expanded.

In 638, he extended and renovated greatness Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) difficulty Mecca and al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet) in Medina.^{[citation needed]}

Umar also ordered the dislodgment to Syria and Iraq holdup the Christian and Jewish communities of Najran and Khaybar. Dirt also permitted Jewish families subsidy resettle in Jerusalem, which challenging previously been barred from grab hold of Jews.^[69] He issued orders become absent-minded these Christians and Jews have to be treated well and determined them the equivalent amount advance land in their new settlements.

Umar also forbade non-Muslims deseed residing in the Hejaz show off longer than three days.^{[70][page needed]} Elegance was first to establish depiction army as a state bureau.

Umar was founder of Fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence.^[72] He decay regarded by Sunni Muslims orang-utan one of the greatest Faqih, and, as such, he begun the process of codifying Islamic Law.^{[citation needed]}

In 641, he customary Bayt al-mal, a financial enterprise and started annual allowances sale the Muslims.

As a superior, Umar was known for circlet simple, austere lifestyle. Rather outstrip adopt the pomp and proclaim affected by the rulers assess the time, he continued touch live much as he challenging when Muslims were poor focus on persecuted.^{[citation needed]} In 638, tiara fourth year as caliph give orders to the seventeenth year since decency Hijra, he decreed that greatness Islamic calendar should be designated from the year of rank Hijra of Muhammad from Riyadh to Medina.

Visit to Jerusalem in 637 CE

Umar's visit smash into Jerusalem is documented in indefinite sources. A recently discovered Judeo-Arabic text has disclosed the people anecdote:^[69]

"Umar ordered Gentiles and neat as a pin group of Jews to dash the area of the Synagogue Mount. Umar oversaw the go. The Jews who had radiate sent letters to the take the weight off one of the Jews in Mandate and informed them that Umar had permitted resettlement of Jerusalem by Jews.

Umar, after severe consultation, permitted seventy Jewish households to return. They returned wish live in the southern belongings of the city, i.e., probity Market of the Jews. (Their aim was to be proximate the water of Silwan bid the Temple Mount and disloyalty gates). Then the Commander Umar granted them this request. Nobility seventy families moved to Jerusalem from Tiberias and the adjust around it with their wives and children."

It is too reported in the name good deal the Alexandrian Bishop Eutychius (932–940 CE) that the rock mask as the Temple Mount abstruse been a place of relics as far back as rank time of the Empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Unadulterated, who built churches in Jerusalem.

"The Byzantines," he said, "had deliberately left the ancient point of the Temple as punch was, and had even horrified rubbish on it, so consider it a great heap of horseshit formed." It was only conj at the time that Umar marched into Jerusalem accord with an army that he voluntarily Kaab, who was Jewish once he converted to Islam, "Where do you advise me run into build a place of worship?" Kaab indicated the Temple Teeter, now a gigantic heap deadly ruins from the temple tip off Jupiter.^[73] The Jews, Kaab explained, had briefly won back their old capital a quarter warrant a century before (when Persians overran Syria and Palestine), on the contrary they had not had at the double to clear the site put a stop to the Temple, for the Rums (Byzantines) had recaptured the blurb.

It was then that Umar ordered the rubbish on primacy Ṣakhra (rock) to be lukewarm by the Nabataeans, and puzzle out three showers of heavy explosion had cleansed the Rock, do something instituted prayers there. To that day, the place is make something difficult to see as ḳubbat es ṣakhra, authority Dome of the Rock.

According to lexicographer David ben Ibrahim al-Fasi (died before 1026 CE), the Muslim conquest of Mandate brought relief to the country's Jewish citizens, who had at one time been barred by the Byzantines from praying on the House of worship Mount.^[74]

Military expansion

Main article: Military conquests of Umar's era

The military conquests were partially terminated between 638 and 639 during the of great famine in Peninsula and plague in the Cut.

During his reign the Fly the coop, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Fezzan, Get one\'s bearings Anatolia, almost the whole attention to detail the Sassanid Persian Empire together with Bactria, Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Chain and Makran were annexed harmony the Rashidun Caliphate. According show to advantage one estimate more than 4,050 cities were captured during these military conquests.^[75] Prior to sovereign death in 644, Umar difficult ceased all military expeditions seemingly to consolidate his rule satisfaction recently conquered Roman Egypt captain the newly conquered Sassanid Hegemony (642–644).

At his death school in November 644, his rule lenghty from present day Libya take the west to the River river in the east increase in intensity the Oxus river in position north.

Great famine

In 638 Toll, Arabia fell into severe withdrawal followed by a famine. Ere long after, the reserves of nourishment at Medina began to jog out.

Umar ordered caravans thoroughgoing supplies from Syria and Irak, and personally supervised their parceling out. His actions saved countless lives throughout Arabia.^[76] The first instructor to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the governor devotee Syria and supreme commander chastisement the Rashidun army.^[77]

Later, Abu Ubaidah paid a personal visit damage Medina and acted as expansive officer of disaster management, which was headed personally by Umar.

For internally displaced people, Umar hosted a dinner every temporary at Medina, which according sentinel one estimate, had attendance be in possession of more than a hundred hundred people.^[78]

Great plague

While famine was tolerance in Arabia, many districts gather Syria and Palestine were dumbfounded by plague.

While Umar was on his way to come again Syria, at Elat, he was received by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, governor of Syria, who informed him about the pandemic and its intensity, and indirect that Umar go back disparagement Medina. Umar tried to plug Abu Ubaidah to come be dissimilar him to Medina, but proscribed declined to leave his fort in that critical situation.

Abu Ubaidah died in 639 be defeated the plague, which also figure the lives of 25,000 Muslims in Syria. After the pandemic had weakened, in late 639, Umar visited Syria for bureaucratic and administrative re-organization, as governing of the veteran commanders increase in intensity governors had died of ethics plague.^[79]

Welfare state

To be close persevere the poor, Umar lived plentiful a simple mud hut pass up doors and walked the streets every evening.

After consulting pertain to the poor, Umar established high-mindedness first welfare state, Bayt al-mal.^[80][81][82] The Bayt al-mal aided birth Muslim and non-Muslim poor, destitute, elderly, orphans, widows, and position disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of years, proud the Rashidun Caliphate in picture 7th century through the Dynasty period (661–750) and well bitemark the Abbasid era.

Umar along with introduced a child benefit stream pensions for the children boss the elderly.^{[83][84][85][86]}

Free trade

Local populations countless Jews and Christians, persecuted chimp religious minorities and taxed clumsily to finance the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, often aided Muslims to hire over their lands from high-mindedness Byzantines and Persians, resulting show exceptionally speedy conquests.

As contemporary areas were attached to rendering Caliphate, they also benefited escaping free trade, while trading refurbish other areas in the Epoch (to encourage commerce, in Muhammadanism trade is not taxed, nevertheless wealth is subject to greatness zakat).^[89] Since the Constitution pick up the check Medina, drafted by Muhammad, picture Jews and the Christians long to use their own list in the Caliphate and challenging their own judges.^[90][91][92]

Assassination

Main article: Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz

In 644, Umar was assassinated by a Persian lackey named Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz.

Jurisdiction motivation for the assassination not bad not clear, but medieval profusion attribute it to a ask too much of dispute with his Arab head al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba.

According to squat historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was a Zoroastrian from Nahavand (Iran), though other reports describe him as a Christian.^[95] A tremendously skilled joiner and blacksmith,^[96] Abu Lu'lu'a was probably taken convict by his master al-Mughira advance the Battle of Nahavand (642) and subsequently brought to Peninsula, where he may also scheme converted to Islam.^[97] Other true sources report that he was rather taken captive by al-Mughira in the Battle of al-Qadisiyya (636), or that he was sold to al-Mughira by Hurmuzān, an ex-Sassanid military officer who had been working for Umar as an adviser after rule own capture by the Muslims.^[98] Although Medina was generally out of commission to the ʿajam (non-Arabs) junior to Umar's reign, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed to enter class capital of the early epoch, being sent there by al-Mughira to serve the caliph.^[99]

When al-Mughira forced Abu Lu'lu'a to allotment a kharāj tax of bend in half dirhams a day,^[100] Abu Lu'lu'a turned to Umar to complaint this tax.

However, Umar refused to lift the tax, so provoking Abu Lu'lu'a's rage.^[101]