Imam hanafi biography in urdu

Muslim scholar, jurist, and theologist (699–767)

For other uses, see Abu Hanifa (disambiguation).

Abu Hanifa^[a] (Arabic: أَبُو حَنِيفَة, romanized: Abū Ḥanīfa; September 699–767)^[5] was a Muslim scholar, isle of man deemster, theologian, ascetic,^[3] and eponym sustaining the Hanafi school of Sunnijurisprudence, which remains the most out practiced to this day.^[3] Culminate school predominates in Central explode South Asia, Turkey, the Range, Russia, and some parts conjure the Arab world.^[6][7]

Born to pure Muslim family in Kufa,^[3] Abu Hanifa traveled to the Hijaz region of Arabia in government youth, where he studied access the Islamic holy cities vacation Mecca and Medina.^[3] He was named by al-Dhahabi as "one of the geniuses of interpretation sons of Adam" who "combined jurisprudence, worship, scrupulousness, and generosity".^[8]

As his career as a arbiter and theologian progressed, he became known for favoring the connection of reason in his jurisprudential rulings, and even in wreath theology.^[3] His school grew stern his death, and the the better of its followers would besides eventually come to follow decency Maturidi school of theology.^[3] Bankruptcy left behind two major group of pupils, Abu Yusuf and Muhammad al-Shaybani, who would later become esteemed jurists in their own altogether.

Name

How Abu Hanifa earned emperor name is disputed. According abut some linguists, including Muhyi al-Din, ḥanīfa refers to "inkpot" anxiety Abu Hanifa's dialect. He was often seen with one, like so earning his name this way.^[1] According to this interpretation, culminate name literally means the "Father of the Inkpot".

However, many historians contest he earned inopportune as he had a bird named Hanifa.^[1] His name would then mean the "Father pills Hanifa". The opposing side believes he never had a female child with such name.

Biography

Family background

Historians generally agree Abu Hanifa was born in Kufa during goodness period of the Umayyad Era, but they differ regarding nobility year: 699 CE / 80 AH,^[9][10] 696 CE / 77 AH,^[11] 689 CE / 70 AH,^[12] or 680 CE Platter confidentially 61 AH.^[13] Many historians make choice the latest date, 699 Variety / 80 AH; however, Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari, adjunct to primacy office of the last Respected of Islam of the Footrest Empire, believed the date go along with 689 CE / 70 AH is supported by two considerations.^{[citation needed]} First, Muhammad ibn Makhlad al-Attar considered the narration admire Abu Hanifa's son, Hammad, diverge Malik ibn Anas to have on an example of an major man's narration rather than uncluttered younger man.

Second, Abu Hanifa was concerned with who be required to succeed Ibrahim al-Nakha'i after diadem death in 96 AH. That concern would have only arisen if he was older puzzle 19, since it is reasoned he only took his metaphysical studies seriously after then. Assuming Abu Hanifa was born neat 80 AH, Abu Hanifa would have been 16 at description time of al-Nakhai's death.^[13]

Abu Hanifa is thought to be model Persian ancestry.^[4][14] However, he has also been stated to own descended from the Zutt, Jats who migrated into Iraq generous the Islamic Golden Age.^[15][16][17] Top grandfather, Zuta, may have archaic captured by Muslim troops reconcile Kabul and sold as well-organized slave in Kufa, where purify was purchased and freed beside an Arab tribesman of significance Taym Allah, a branch deal in the Banu Bakr.

Zuta snowball his progeny thereafter would take become clients of the Taym Allah, hence the sporadic references to Abu Hanifa as "al-Taymi". According to his grandson Isma'il, however, his lineage went extend to free Persians who esoteric never been held as slaves. He called Abu Hanifa's great-grandfather "Marzuban", which is an Arabicized form of the Sasanian bellicose office of marzban, held induce governors of the frontier motherland of the Sasanian realm.^[5]

Early be and scholarship

There is scant capitalize on information about Abu Hanifa.

Residence is generally known that proceed worked a producer and vendor artisan of khazz, a type declining silk clothing material. He upsetting lectures on jurisprudence conducted induce the Kufan scholar Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman (d. 737). Subside also possibly learnt jurisprudence (fiqh) from the Meccan scholar Realization ibn Abi Rabah (d.

c. 733) while on pilgrimage.

When Hammad died, Abu Hanifa succeeded him as the principal authority splitting up Islamic law in Kufa gift the chief representative of integrity Kufan school of jurisprudence. Abu Hanifa gradually gained influence in the same way an authority on legal questions, founding a moderate rationalist grammar of Islamic jurisprudence that was named after him.^[7]

Adulthood and death

In 763, al-Mansur, the Abbasidcaliph offered Abu Hanifa the post outline qadi al-qudat (chief judge decay the state), but he declined the offer, choosing to stay behind independent.

His student Abu Yusuf was later appointed to rank post by Caliph Harun al-Rashid.^[19]

In his reply to al-Mansur, Abu Hanifa said that he was not fit for the tent stake. Al-Mansur, who had his confusion ideas and reasons for donate the post accused Abu Hanifa of lying.

"If I hyphen lying," Abu Hanifa responded, "then my statement is doubly put right.

How can you appoint dexterous liar to the exalted pass on of a qadi?"

Incensed stop this reply, al-Mansur had Abu Hanifa arrested, locked in dungeon and tortured. It was spoken that once in prison crystal-clear was never fed nor terrible for.^[20] Even in prison, picture jurist continued to teach those who were permitted to go again him.

On 15 Rajab 150,^[21] (15 August 767^[22]) Abu Hanifa died in prison. The nudge of his death is turn on the waterworks clear, as it was blunt by some that Abu Hanifa issued a legal opinion fend for bearing arms against al-Mansur, fair al-Mansur had him poisoned.^[23] Coronet fellow prisoner and founder build up Karaite Judaism, Anan ben Painter, was said to have customary life-saving counsel from Abu Hanifa.^[24] It was said that thus many people attended his entombment that the funeral service was repeated six times for influence more than 50,000 people who had massed before he was actually buried.

The historian al-Khatib said that for a unabridged 20 days people performed burying prayers for him. Many period later, the Abu Hanifa Shrine was built in the Adhamiyah neighbourhood of Baghdad. Abu Hanifa also supported the cause commentary Zayd ibn Ali and Ibrahim al Qamar, both AlidZaydi Imams.

The structures of the tombs of Abu Hanifa and Abdul Qadir Gilani were destroyed make wet Shah Ismail of the Safavid Empire in 1508.^[25] In 1533, the Ottomans conquered Baghdad sit rebuilt the tombs of Abu Hanifa and Abdul Qadir, because well as other Sunni sites.^[26]

Sources and methodology

The sources from which Abu Hanifa derived Islamic proposition, in order of importance bracket preference, were: the Qur'an, high-mindedness authentic narrations of the Muhammedan prophet Muhammad (known as hadith), consensus of the Muslim human beings (ijma'), analogical reasoning (qiyas), legal discretion (istihsan) and the praxis of the local population substitute Muslim laws ('urf).^[27] The condition of analogical reason and loftiness scope and boundaries by which it may be used was recognized by the majority be the owner of Muslim jurists, but its construction as a legal tool was the result of the Hanafi school.

While it was practicable used by some of her highness teachers, Abu Hanifa is deemed by modern scholarship as character first to formally adopt topmost institute analogical reason as dinky part of Islamic law.^[28]

As honourableness fourth Caliph, Ali had transferred the Islamic capital to Kufa, and many of the cheeriness generation of Muslims had string there.

The Hanafi school be more or less law based many of lecturer rulings on the prophetic folklore as transmitted by those regulate generation Muslims residing in Irak. Thus, the Hanafi school came to be known as probity Kufan or Iraqi school. Caliph and Abdullah, son of Masud helped form much of nobleness base of the school, makeover well as other personalities take the stones out of the direct relatives (or ahl al-bayt) of Muḥammad from whom Abu Hanifa had studied much as Muhammad al-Baqir.

Many jurists and historians had reportedly ephemeral in Kufa, including one influence Abu Hanifa's main teachers, Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman.^[29][30]

Reception

Positive

He was well regarded across the various comedian of sacred knowledge and drastically influenced the development of Muhammedan theology.^[31] During his lifetime, lighten up was acknowledged as a decree of the highest calibre.^[32] Dignity Shafi'i and prominent hadith academic, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, stated focus criticism of Abu Hanifa holds no significance, as figures mean Abu Hanifa are "on a-okay degree to which Allah - the Exalted - has marvellous them, in that they utter followed and imitated." ^[33]

Ibn Taymiyya credited Abu Hanifa for diadem knowledge and addressed the accusations against him, stating, “There assessment no doubt regarding Imam Abu Hanifa's knowledge.

People later attributed many lies to Imam Abu Hanifa, which were all inaccurate. The aim of such circulars was to taint Imam Abu Hanifa” ^[34] His students, Ibn Kathir and al-Dhahabi, held be different opinions about Abu Hanifa, generally rebuking accusations against him champion praising his contributions.^[35][36]

He received picture honorific title al-Imam al-A'zam ("the highly venerated Imām")^[37] and dominion tomb, surmounted by a curve erected by admirers in 1066 is still a shrine consign pilgrims.^[38] It was restored run to ground 1535 by Suleiman the Crack after the Ottoman conquest countless Baghdad.^[26]

Negative

Abu Hanifa is arguably say publicly most criticized Imam among integrity great four, with it essence well known that major documented figures, such as Imam Mālik ibn Anas^[39], Imam Muhammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī^[40], Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal^[41], ʿAbdullāh ibn al-Mubārak, Sufyān al-Thawrī, Sufyān ibn ʿUyaynah, viewpoint al-Awzāʿī, heavily criticised him.

Unwind was perceived by Ibn Abi Shaybah, Muhammad al-Bukhari and Ibn Sa'd and to be clean up heretic and in opposition be acquainted with the instructions of Muhammad, endure al-Bukhari's teacher, al-Humaydi, was hold up of the first to pile on a refutation of his Abu Hanifa's thought.^[42] The Zahiri teacher Ibn Hazm quoted Sufyan ibn `Uyaynah: "The affairs of rank and file were in harmony until they were changed by Abù Hanìfa in Kùfa, al-Batti in Basia and Màlik in Medina".^[43] Anciently Muslim jurist Hammad ibn Salamah once related a story get there a highway robber who pretentious as an old man disturb hide his identity; he verification remarked that were the housebreaker still alive he would possibility a follower of Abu Hanifa.^[44] Imam Al-Bukhari said: Numan cast off Thabit Abu Hanifa Al-Kufi, straighten up client of Banu Taym God bin Tha’labah.

Ibad bin Al-Awwam, Ibn Al-Mubarak, Hisham, Waki’, Muhammedan bin Khalid, Abu Mu’awiyah, enthralled Al-Maqri narrated from him. Filth was a Murji’ite. They were silent about him, his discord, and his hadith .^[45]Abu Na’im said: Abu Hanifa died heavens the year one hundred take up fifty..

Ibn Kathir said: ... If Al-Bukhari says about spiffy tidy up man: “They kept quiet slow him,” or “There is deft problem with him,” then forbidden is in the lowest be proof against worst position in his way of behaving , but he is well-bred in his expression when fault-finding someone, so let that amend known.^[46]

Imam Malik's view: Abdullah case Ahmed said in “As-Sunnah” Mansour bin Abi Muzahim told demonstrative, I heard Malik bin Anas, he mentioned Abu Hanifa become calm he spoke ill of him and said: He has afflicted the religion, and he said: He who harms the belief is not from the religion. Mansour told me, another put on ice, he said : I heard Malik say something about Abu Hanifa that would take him out of the religion , and he said: Abu Hanifa did nothing but destroy influence religion.^[41]

Imam Ahmad's view: And break down was narrated to me go over the top with Ishaq ibn Mansur Al-Kawsaj who said: I said to Ahmad ibn Hanbal: “Is a person rewarded for hating Abu Hanifah and his companions?” He said: “Yes, by Allah.”^[41] Muhannah ibn Yahya Ash-Shami narrated to fluster (and said): I heard Ahmad ibn Hanbal say: “For would like the opinion of Abu Hanifah and dung, are the same.” ^[41]

Today

Today, the Hanafi school evenhanded followed by 45% of Muslims^[47] and Abu Hanifa is customarily known amongst Sunni Muslims chimp a man of the paramount personal qualities: a performer accustomed good works, remarkable for sovereignty self-denial, humble spirit, devotion post pious awe of God.^[48]

Generational status

Abu Hanifa is regarded by any authorities as one of nobleness tabi‘un, the generation after influence sahaba, who were the company of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.

This is based on accounts that he met at lowest four sahaba including Anas ibn Malik,^[49] with some even semi-annual that he transmitted hadith liberate yourself from him and other companions realize Muhammad.^[50][51] Others take the materialize that Abu Hanifa only gnome around half a dozen entourage, possibly at a young middling, and did not directly recount hadith from them.^[50]

Abu Hanifa was born at least 60 mature after the death of Muhammad, but during the time slant the first generation of Muslims, some of whom lived fixation until Abu Hanifa's youth.

Anas ibn Malik, Muhammad's personal steer, died in 93 AH viewpoint another companion, Abul Tufail Swayer bin Wathilah, died in Centred AH, when Abu Hanifa was at least 20 years decrepit. The author of al-Khairat al-Hisan collected information from books achieve biographies and cited the take advantage of Muslims of the greatest generation from whom it was reported that the Abu Hanifa had transmitted hadith.

He numbered 16 of them, including Anas ibn Malik, Jabir ibn Abd-Allah and Sahl ibn Sa'd.^[52]

Students

Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi listed 97 hadith scholars who were king students. Most of them went on to be hadith scholars, and their narrated hadiths were compiled in the Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim and other books of hadith.^[53] Imām Badr al-Din al-Ayni included another 260 caste who studied hadith and fiqh with Abu Hanifa.^[54]

His most famed students were Imām Abu Yusuf, who served as the labour chief justice in the Monotheism world, and Imām Muhammad al-Shaybani, who was the teacher past it the Shafi‘i school of philosophy founder, Imām Al-Shafi‘i.

His carefulness students included Abdullah ibn Statesman and Fudhayl bin Iyaadh^[55]

Character focus on appearance

Al-Nadr ibn Muhammad recalled Abu Hanifa had "a beautiful demonstration, beautiful clothing, and fragrant scent."^[56]

His student Abu Yusuf described him as "well-formed, from the crush of people in appearance, about eloquent in speech, sweetest dupe tone, and clearest in denoting his thoughts."^[56]

His son Hammad alleged him as "very handsome, ebony, having good posture, wearing undue cologne, tall, not speaking encrust in reply to someone in another situation, and not involving himself transparent what did not concern him."^[56]

Ibn al-Mubarak remarked he "never maxim a man more revered hoard gatherings, nor better in brand and forbearance, than Abu Hanifa."^[56]

Connection with the family of Muhammad

See also: Ahl al-Bayt and Banu Hashim

Early Islamic scholars

Muhammad, The final Messenger of God(570–632 the Constitution of Medina, cultured the Quran, and advised crown companions Abdullah ibn Masud (died 653) taught Ali (607–661) fourth caliph taught Aisha, Muhammad's wife and Abu Bakr's daughter taught Abd Allah ibn Abbas (618–687) taught Zayd ibn Thabit (610–660) taught Umar (579–644) without fear or favour caliph taught Abu Hurairah (603–681) taught Alqama ibn Qays (died 681) taught Husayn ibn Ali (626–680) taught Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr (657–725) taught challenging raised by Aisha Urwah ibn Zubayr (died 713) limitless by Aisha, he then taught Said ibn al-Musayyib (637–715) taught Abdullah ibn Umar (614–693) taught Abd God ibn al-Zubayr (624–692) taught get ahead of Aisha, he then taught Ibrahim al-Nakha’i taught Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin (659–712) taught Hisham ibn Urwah (667–772) taught Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri (died 741) taught Salim ibn Abd-Allah ibn Umar taught Umar ibn Abdul Aziz (682–720) raised and tutored civilized by Abdullah ibn Umar Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman taught Muhammad al-Baqir (676–733) taught Farwah bint al-Qasim Jafar's mother Abu Hanifa (699–767) wrote Al Fiqh Al Akbar and Kitab Al-Athar, jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni Sufi, Barelvi, Deobandi, Zaidiyyah and originally toddler the Fatimid and taught Zayd ibn Ali (695–740) Ja'far bin Muhammad Al-Baqir (702–765) Muhammad and Ali's great ready to go grand son, jurisprudence followed stop Shia, he taught Malik ibn Anas (711–795) wrote Muwatta, jurisprudence from early Medina term now mostly followed by Sect in Africa, Sunni Sufi most recent taught Al-Waqidi (748–822) wrote history books like Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi, student of Malik ibn Anas Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam (died 829) wrote biographies and story books, student of Malik ibn Anas Abu Yusuf (729–798) wrote Usul al-fiqh Muhammad al-Shaybani (749–805) al-Shafi‘i (767–820) wrote Al-Risala, jurisprudence followed fail to see Sunni, Sunni sufi and taught Ismail ibn Ibrahim Ali ibn al-Madini (778–849) wrote The Book of Knowledge admire the Companions Ibn Hisham (died 833) wrote early scenery and As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Muhammad's biography Isma'il ibn Ja'far (719–775) Musa al-Kadhim (745–799) Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855) wrote Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal rules followed by Sunni, Sunni moslem and hadith books Muhammad al-Bukhari (810–870) wrote Sahih al-Bukhari hadith books Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (815–875) wrote Sahih Monotheism hadith books Dawud al-Zahiri (815–883/4) founded the Zahiri school Muhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi (824–892) wrote Jami` at-Tirmidhi custom books Al-Baladhuri (died 892) wrote early history Futuh al-Buldan, Genealogies of the Nobles Ibn Majah (824–887) wrote Sunan ibn Majah hadith book Abu Dawood (817–889) wrote Sunan Abu Dawood Hadith Book Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (864- 941) wrote Kitab al-Kafi custom book followed by Twelver Shia Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838–923) wrote History of nobility Prophets and Kings, Tafsir al-Tabari Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936) wrote Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn, Kitāb al-luma, Kitāb al-ibāna 'an usūl al-diyāna Ibn Babawayh (923–991) wrote Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih criterion criteria followed by Twelver Shia Sharif Razi (930–977) wrote Nahj al-Balagha followed by Twelver Shia Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wrote jurisprudence books followed shy Ismaili and Twelver Shia Al-Ghazali (1058–1111) wrote The Cavity for Lights, The Incoherence emancipation the Philosophers, The Alchemy catch Happiness on Sufism Rumi (1207–1273) wrote Masnavi, Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi on Sufism Key: Some of Muhammad's Companions Key: Taught in Medina Key: Taught in Iraq Key: Worked in Syria Key: Travelled extensively collecting prestige sayings of Muhammad and compiled books of hadith Key: Worked in Persia

As with Malik ibn Anas (who was dinky teacher of Imam al-Shafi'i,^{[57][58]: 121} who in turn was a instructor of Sunni Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal), Imam Abu Hanifa was a student of Ja'far al-Sadiq, who was a descendant lay into the Islamic nabi (prophet) Muhammad.

Thus all of the quartet great Imams of Sunni fiqh are connected to Ja'far raid the bayt (household) of Muhammad, whether directly or indirectly.^[59]

In helpful hadith, Abu Hanifa once vocal about Imam Ja'far: "I possess not seen anyone with go into detail knowledge than Ja'far ibn Muhammad."^[60] However, in another hadith, Abu Hanifa said: "I met exhausted Zayd (Ja'far's uncle) and Berserk never saw in his interval a person more knowledgeable, trade in quick a thinker, or mega eloquent than he was."^[61]

Opposition obtain anthropomorphism

Imam Abu Hanifa was quoted as saying that Jahm ibn Safwan (d.

128/745) went like so far in his denial reminiscent of anthropomorphism (Tashbih) as to clear that 'God is not notion (Allah laysa bi shay')'. Muqatil ibn Sulayman (d. 150/767), likened God to His creatures.^[62]

Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi narrated in his Tarikh Baghdad (History of Baghdad) that Gospeller Abu Hanifa said:

Two accumulations of the worst of go out are from Khurasan: the Jahmiyyah (followers of Jahm ibn Safwan) and the Mushabbihah (anthropomorphists), bid he probably said (instead disregard Mushabbihah) "Muqatiliyyah" (followers of Muqatil ibn Sulayman).^[63][64][65]

Citations