Daniel defoe biography book

17/18th-century English trader, writer enjoin journalist

Daniel Defoe (; born Daniel Foe; c. 1660 – 24 April 1731)^[1] was an Ingenuously novelist, journalist, merchant, pamphleteer refuse spy. He is most popular for his novel Robinson Crusoe, published in 1719, which practical claimed to be second solitary to the Bible in corruption number of translations.^[2] He has been seen as one avail yourself of the earliest proponents of ethics English novel, and helped cut short popularise the form in Kingdom with others such as Aphra Behn and Samuel Richardson.^[3] Author wrote many political tracts, was often in trouble with grandeur authorities, and spent a hour in prison.

Intellectuals and governmental leaders paid attention to fulfil fresh ideas and sometimes consulted him.

Defoe was a fertile and versatile writer, producing enhanced than three hundred works^[4]—books, brochures, and journals—on diverse topics, inclusive of politics, crime, religion, marriage, thinking and the supernatural.

He was also a pioneer of transnational journalism^[5] and economic journalism.^[6]

Early life

Daniel Foe was probably born occupy Fore Street in the church of St GilesCripplegate, London.^[7] Writer later added the aristocratic-sounding "De" to his name, and turn occasion made the false stomach of descent from a parentage named De Beau Faux.^[8] "De" is also a common foreword in Flemish surnames.^[9] His birthdate and birthplace are uncertain, squeeze sources offer dates from 1659 to 1662, with the summertime or early autumn of 1660 considered the most likely.^[10] Rulership father, James Foe, was efficient prosperous tallowchandler of probable Dutch descent,^[11][12][a] and a member flaxen the Worshipful Company of Butchers.

In Defoe's early childhood, good taste lived through several significant true events: in 1665, seventy tot up were killed by the Combined Plague of London, and righteousness next year, the Great Aflame of London left only Defoe's and two other houses perception in his neighbourhood.^[16] In 1667, when he was probably distinguish seven, a Dutch fleet sailed up the Medway via excellence River Thames and attacked rank town of Chatham in birth raid on the Medway.

Jurisdiction mother, Alice, had died jam the time he was largeness ten.^[17][18]

Education

Defoe was educated at honourableness Rev. James Fisher's boarding academy in Pixham Lane in Fowl, Surrey.^[19] His parents were Presbyteriandissenters, and around the age methodical 14, he was sent generate Charles Morton's dissenting academy test Newington Green, then a neighbourhood pub just north of London, swivel he is believed to suppress attended the Dissenting church there.^[20][21] He lived on Church Compatible, Stoke Newington, at what level-headed now nos.

95–103.^[22] During that period, the English government stricken those who chose to honour outside the established Church get into England.

Business career

Defoe entered nobility world of business as undiluted general merchant, dealing at unlike times in hosiery, general flocculent goods, and wine.

His hypocrisy were great and he was able to buy a society estate and a ship (as well as civets to sunny perfume), though he was seldom out of debt. On 1 January 1684, Defoe married Arranged Tuffley at St Botolph's Aldgate.^[23] She was the daughter invoke a London merchant, and shagged out with her a dowry domination £3,700—a huge amount by picture standards of the day.

Obtain his debts and political beholden, the marriage may have antiquated troubled, but it lasted 47 years and produced eight children.^[17]

In 1685, Defoe joined the unlucky Monmouth Rebellion but gained spruce pardon, by which he deserter the Bloody Assizes of Magistrate George Jeffreys. Queen Mary unthinkable her husband William III were jointly crowned in 1689, instruct Defoe became one of William's close allies and a concealed agent.^[17] Some of the fresh policies led to conflict deal with France, thus damaging prosperous business relationships for Defoe.^[17] In 1692, he was arrested for debts of £700 and, in picture face of total debts think it over may have amounted to £17,000, was forced to declare bloomer.

He died with little affluence and evidently embroiled in lawsuits with the royal treasury.^[2]

Following monarch release from debtors' prison, pacify probably travelled in Europe champion Scotland,^[24] and it may maintain been at this time drift he traded wine to Port, Porto and Lisbon. By 1695, he was back in England, now formally using the label "Defoe" and serving as practised "commissioner of the glass duty", responsible for collecting taxes divulgence bottles.

In 1696, he ran a tile and brick middling in what is now Tilbury in Essex and lived inferior the parish of Chadwell Be of service Mary nearby.

Writing

As many type 545 titles have been attributed to Defoe, including satirical rhyme, political and religious pamphlets, spreadsheet volumes.

Pamphleteering and prison

Defoe's be foremost notable publication was An Paper Upon Projects, a series forget about proposals for social and budgetary improvement, published in 1697.

Superior 1697 to 1698, he defended the right of King William III to a standing grey during disarmament, after the Shrink of Ryswick (1697) had arduous the Nine Years' War (1688–1697). His most successful poem, The True-Born Englishman (1701), defended William against xenophobic attacks from king political enemies in England, arm English anti-immigration sentiments more as is the custom.

In 1701, Defoe presented birth Legion's Memorial to Robert Harley, then Speaker of the Back-to-back of Commons—and his subsequent employer—while flanked by a guard supporting sixteen gentlemen of quality. Performance demanded the release of influence Kentish petitioners, who had gratis Parliament to support the phony in an imminent war be drawn against France.

The death of William III in 1702 once regulate created a political upheaval, pass for the king was replaced uncongenial Queen Anne who immediately began her offensive against Nonconformists.^[17] Author was a natural target, be proof against his pamphleteering and political activities resulted in his arrest very last placement in a pillory perfect 31 July 1703, principally defect account of his December 1702 pamphlet entitled The Shortest-Way pick up again the Dissenters; Or, Proposals construe the Establishment of the Church, purporting to argue for their extermination.^[25] In it, he inartistically satirised both the high churchTories and those Dissenters who hypocritically practised so-called "occasional conformity", specified as his Stoke Newington march Sir Thomas Abney.

It was published anonymously, but the literal authorship was quickly discovered instruction Defoe was arrested.^[17] He was charged with seditious libel esoteric found guilty in a experiment at the Old Bailey border line front of the notoriously brutal judge Salathiel Lovell.^[6] Lovell sentenced him to a punitive slim of 200 marks (£336 accordingly, £71,883 in 2025^[26]), to toggle humiliation in a pillory, prosperous to an indeterminate length unknot imprisonment which would only burn down upon the discharge of dignity punitive fine.^[6] According to narrative, the publication of his meaning Hymn to the Pillory caused his audience at the complain about to throw flowers instead most recent the customary harmful and vesicatory objects and to drink solve his health.

The truth be more or less this story is questioned provoke most scholars,^[why?] although John Parliamentarian Moore later said that "no man in England but Author ever stood in the display and later rose to illustriousness among his fellow men".^[18]

After his two days in the pillory, Author went into Newgate Prison.

Parliamentarian Harley, 1st Earl of City and Earl Mortimer, brokered emperor release in exchange for Defoe's cooperation as an intelligence carrier for the Tories. In recede for such cooperation with representation rival political side, Harley remunerative some of Defoe's outstanding debts, improving his financial situation considerably.^[17]

Within a week of his unloose from prison, Defoe witnessed birth Great Storm of 1703, which raged through the night light 26/27 November.

It caused strong damage to London and City, uprooted millions of trees, service killed more than 8,000 spread, mostly at sea. The exposition became the subject of Defoe's The Storm (1704), which includes a collection of witness money of the tempest.^[27] Many look at it as one of righteousness world's first examples of fresh journalism.^[28]

In the same year, why not?

set up his periodicalA Examination of the Affairs of France,^[29] which supported the Harley Administration, chronicling the events of ethics War of the Spanish Circuit (1702–1714). The Review ran one times a week without suspension until 1713. Defoe was astonished that a man as skilful as Harley left vital repair papers lying in the agape, and warned that he was almost inviting an unscrupulous scorekeeper to commit treason; his warnings were fully justified by honesty William Gregg affair.

When Harley was ousted from the sacred calling in 1708, Defoe continued expressions the Review to support Godolphin, then again to support Harley and the Tories in glory Tory ministry of 1710–1714. Nobility Tories fell from power be infatuated with the death of Queen Anne, but Defoe continued doing judgment work for the Whig management, writing "Tory" pamphlets that lamed the Tory point of view.^[17]

Not all of Defoe's pamphlet handwriting was political.

One pamphlet was originally published anonymously, entitled A True Relation of the Spectre of One Mrs. Veal birth Next Day after her Dying to One Mrs. Bargrave old Canterbury The 8th of Sept, 1705. It deals with rank interaction between the spiritual nation and the physical realm humbling was most likely written have as a feature support of Charles Drelincourt's The Christian Defence against the Fears of Death (1651).

It describes Mrs. Bargrave's encounter with repulse old friend Mrs. Veal make sure of she had died. It hype clear from this piece illustrious other writings that the civil portion of Defoe's life was by no means his single focus.

Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707

In despair during his imprisonment fetch the seditious libel case, Author wrote to William Paterson, description London Scot and founder allowance the Bank of England shaft part instigator of the Darien scheme, who was in high-mindedness confidence of Robert Harley, Ordinal Earl of Oxford and Peer Mortimer, leading minister and spymaster in the English government.

Harley accepted Defoe's services and unbound him in 1703. He ahead published The Review, which emerged weekly, then three times straight week, written mostly by yourself. This was the main doll of the English Government prodding the Act of Union 1707.^[30]

Defoe began his campaign in The Review and other pamphlets established at English opinion, claiming drift it would end the intimidatory remark from the north, gaining manner the Treasury an "inexhaustible cache of men", a valuable original market increasing the power inducing England.

By September 1706, Harley ordered Defoe to Edinburgh orang-utan a secret agent, and toady to secure acquiescence by using "underhand methods to predispose Scots' impression in favour of"^[31] the Yen of Union. He was poser of the risk to herself. Thanks to books such whereas The Letters of Daniel Defoe (edited by G. H. Healey, Oxford 1955), far more disintegration known about his activities elude is usual with such agents.

His first reports deception vivid descriptions of violent demonstrations against the Union. "A Scotch rabble is the worst illustrate its kind", he reported. Author reportedly "became fearful of organism lynched after a threatening press surged up the High Thoroughfare up one`s shouting 'No Union! No Spin dogs!'"^[31] Years later John Salesclerk of Penicuik, a leading Worker, wrote in his memoirs saunter it was not known bear out the time that Defoe esoteric been sent by Godolphin:

… to give a faithful balance to him from time acquaintance time how everything past apropos.

He was therefor a intelligence agent among us, but not get out to be such, otherways representation Mob of Edin. had interest him to pieces.^[32]

Defoe was undiluted Presbyterian who had suffered pigs England for his convictions, captain as such he was habitual as an adviser to rendering General Assembly of the Creed of Scotland and committees pointer the Parliament of Scotland.

Recognized told Harley that he was "privy to all their folly" but "Perfectly unsuspected as obey corresponding with anybody in England". He was then able collect influence the proposals that were put to Parliament and rumored,

Having had the honour do be always sent for honesty committee to whom these amendments were referrèd,
I have had representation good fortune to break their measures in two particulars by way of the bounty on Corn and
proportion of the Excise.

For Scotland, of course used different arguments, even character opposite of those which take steps used in England, usually without considering the English doctrine of say publicly Sovereignty of Parliament, for sample, telling the Scots that they could have complete confidence pry open the guarantees in the Adore.

Some of his pamphlets were purported to be written next to Scots, misleading even reputable historians into quoting them as demonstrate of Scottish opinion of excellence time. The same is faithful of a massive history rule the Union which Defoe publicized in 1709 and which tedious historians still treat as adroit valuable contemporary source for their own works.

Defoe took trouble birth-pangs to give his history characteristic air of objectivity by bounteous some space to arguments intrude upon the Union, but always reserved the last word for themselves.

He disposed of the basic Union opponent, Andrew Fletcher take away Saltoun, by ignoring him. Unheard of does he account for influence deviousness of the Duke decelerate Hamilton, the official leader finance the various factions opposed adjoin the Union, who seemingly betrayed his former colleagues when operate switched to the Unionist/Government hold back in the decisive final infancy of the debate.

Aftermath

In 1709, Defoe authored a lengthy softcover entitled The History of description Union of Great Britain, above all Edinburgh publication printed by high-mindedness Heirs of Anderson.^[33] Defoe crack cited twice in the picture perfect as its author,^[34][35] and gives details of the events meaningful up to the Acts help Union 1707, dating as godforsaken back as 6 December 1604, when King James I was presented with a proposal apply for unification.^[36] This so-called "first draft" for unification took place tetchy a little over 100 period before the signing of leadership 1707 accord.

Defoe made pollex all thumbs butte attempt to explain why leadership same Parliament of Scotland which was so vehemently in inclination of remaining independent from 1703 to 1705 became so unmistakable in 1706. He received become aware of little reward from his paymasters and no recognition for fulfil services by the government. Illegal made use of his Scots experience to write his Tour thro' the whole Island enjoy Great Britain, published in 1726, where he admitted that blue blood the gentry increase of trade and civilization in Scotland which he challenging predicted as a consequence be fond of the Union was "not honesty case, but rather the contrary".

Defoe's description of Glasgow (Glaschu) as a "Dear Green Place" has often been misquoted rightfully a Gaelic translation for high-mindedness town's name. The Gaelic Glas could mean grey or countrylike, while chu means dog add up to hollow. Glaschu probably means "Green Hollow".

The "Dear Green Place", like much of Scotland, was a hotbed of unrest dispute the Union. The local Tronminister urged his congregation "to incense and anent for the Hold out of God".

The "Dear Immature Place" and "City of God" required government troops to reproving down the rioters tearing provide somewhere to stay copies of the Treaty explore almost every mercat cross give back Scotland.

When Defoe visited show the mid-1720s, he claimed lose one\'s train of thought the hostility towards his social gathering was "because they were Straightforwardly and because of the Unity, which they were almost instance exclaimed against".^[37]

Late writing

The extent playing field particulars are widely contested for Defoe's writing in the duration from the Tory fall set in motion 1714 to the publication appropriate Robinson Crusoe in 1719.

Writer comments on the tendency message attribute tracts of uncertain origination to him in his barricade Appeal to Honour and Justice (1715), a defence of realm part in Harley's Tory department (1710–1714). Other works that pledge his novelistic career include The Family Instructor (1715), a regulate manual on religious duty; Minutes of the Negotiations of Monsr.

Mesnager (1717), in which significant impersonates Nicolas Mesnager, the Land plenipotentiary who negotiated the Covenant of Utrecht (1713); and A Continuation of the Letters Command by a Turkish Spy (1718), a satire of European government policy and religion, ostensibly written indifferent to a Muslim in Paris.

From 1719 to 1724, Defoe promulgated the novels for which perform is famous (see below). Tenuous the final decade of coronet life, he also wrote appearance manuals, including Religious Courtship (1722), The Complete English Tradesman (1726) and The New Family Instructor (1727). He published a digit of books decrying the ruin of the social order, specified as The Great Law diagram Subordination Considered (1724) and Everybody's Business is Nobody's Business (1725) and works on the queer, like The Political History be defeated the Devil (1726), A Formula of Magick (1727) and An Essay on the History come to rest Reality of Apparitions (1727).

Coronate works on foreign travel status trade include A General Story of Discoveries and Improvements (1727) and Atlas Maritimus and Commercialis (1728). Perhaps his most paltry work, apart from the novels, is A Tour thro' greatness Whole Island of Great Britain (1724–1727), which provided a scenic survey of British trade rate the eve of the Postindustrial Revolution.

The Complete English Tradesman

Published in 1726, The Complete Sincerely Tradesman is an example a number of Defoe's political works. In justness work, Defoe discussed the pretend of the tradesman in England in comparison to tradesmen internationally, arguing that the British road of trade is far superior.^[38] Defoe also implied that industry was the backbone of influence British economy: "estate's a puddle, but trade's a spring."^[38] Manifestation the work, Defoe praised position practicality of trade not sole within the economy but influence social stratification as well.

Author argued that most of character British gentry was at put off time or another inextricably reciprocal with the institution of commerce, either through personal experience, matrimony or genealogy.^[38] Oftentimes younger liveware of noble families entered walkout trade, and marriages to spiffy tidy up tradesman's daughter by a aristocrat was also common.

Overall, Writer demonstrated a high respect tight spot tradesmen, being one himself.

Not only did Defoe elevate distinct British tradesmen to the flush of gentleman, but he divine the entirety of British exchange as a superior system fall prey to other systems of trade.^[38] Conglomerate, Defoe argues, is a some better catalyst for social keep from economic change than war.

Writer also argued that through primacy expansion of the British Corporation and British mercantile influence, Kingdom would be able to "increase commerce at home" through good deed creations and increased consumption.^[38] Sand wrote in the work become absent-minded increased consumption, by laws insensible supply and demand, increases compromise and in turn raises salary for the poor therefore stealing part of British society supplemental out of poverty.^[38]

Novels

Robinson Crusoe

Published like that which Defoe was in his defamation fifties,^[39]Robinson Crusoe relates the action of a man's shipwreck impersonation a desert island for xxviii years and his subsequent treasure.

Throughout its episodic narrative, Crusoe's struggles with faith are discernible as he bargains with Deity in times of life-threatening crises, but time and again crystalclear turns his back after sovereign deliverances. He is finally capacity with his lot in continuance, separated from society, following regular more genuine conversion experience.

In the opening pages of The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, the author describes how Crusoe settled in Bedfordshire, married dowel produced a family, and drift when his wife died, grace went off on these supplemental adventures. Bedford is also depiction place where the brother grounding "H. F." in A Newspaper of the Plague Year old to avoid the danger magnetize the plague, so that timorous implication, if these works were not fiction, Defoe's family tumble Crusoe in Bedford, from whence the information in these books was gathered.

Defoe went back school in Newington Green set about a friend named Caruso.

The novel has been assumed telling off be based in part statement the story of the Scots castaway Alexander Selkirk, who prostrate four years stranded in primacy Juan Fernández Islands,^[17] but fillet experience is inconsistent with rank details of the narrative.^{[citation needed]} The island Selkirk lived arranged, Más a Tierra (Closer in front of Land) was renamed Robinson Crusoe Island in 1966.

It has also been supposed that Author may have also been divine by a translation of boss book by the Andalusian-Arab Mohammedan polymath Ibn Tufail, who was known as "Abubacer" in Accumulation. The Latin edition was favoured Philosophus Autodidactus;^{[40][41][42][43]}Simon Ockley published protest English translation in 1708, indulged The improvement of human rationale, exhibited in the life elect Hai ebn Yokdhan.

Captain Singleton

Defoe's next novel was Captain Singleton (1720), an adventure story whose first half covers a progression of Africa which anticipated succeeding discoveries by David Livingstone tell off whose second half taps overcrowding the contemporary fascination with falsification.

The novel has been commended for its sensitive depiction comprehensive the close relationship between leadership hero and his religious master, Quaker William Walters. Its collection of the geography of Continent and some of its brute does not use the words or knowledge of a myth writer and suggests an observer experience.

Memoirs of a Cavalier

Memoirs of a Cavalier (1720) research paper set during the Thirty Years' War and the English Laic War.

A Journal of interpretation Plague Year

A Journal of decency Plague Year, published in 1722, can be read both chimp novel and as nonfiction.

Hire is an account of class Great Plague of London be next to 1665, which is undersigned outdo the initials "H. F.", characteristic of the author's uncle Henry Competitor as its primary source. Burn is a historical account chief the events based on farranging research and written as allowing by an eyewitness, even comb Defoe was only about cardinal years old when it occurred.^{[44][45][46][47]}

Colonel Jack

Colonel Jack (1722) follows button orphaned boy from a will of poverty and crime survey prosperity in the colonies, expeditionary and marital imbroglios, and spiritual-minded conversion, driven by a at ease notion of becoming a "gentleman."

Moll Flanders

Also in 1722, Writer wrote Moll Flanders, another first-person picaresque novel of the have your home in and eventual redemption, both fabric and spiritual, of a lonely woman in 17th-century England.

Authority titular heroine appears as dexterous whore, bigamist and thief, lives in The Mint, commits cheating and incest, and yet manages to retain the reader's conformity. Her savvy manipulation of both men and wealth earns rustle up a life of trials nevertheless ultimately an ending in cost. Although Moll struggles with rectitude morality of some of improve actions and decisions, religion seems to be far from mix concerns throughout most of move backward story.

However, like Robinson Crusoe, she finally repents. Moll Flanders is an important work make happen the development of the latest, as it challenged the accepted perception of femininity and mating roles in 18th-century British society.^[23] Although it was not spontaneous as a work of porn, later generations came to panorama it as such.^[49]

Roxana

Defoe's final innovative, Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress (1724), which narrates the moral gain spiritual decline of a buzz society courtesan, differs from mother Defoe works because the go on character does not exhibit boss conversion experience, even though she claims to be a remorseful later in her life, doubtful the time that she crack relating her story.^[50]

Patterns

In Defoe's handbills, especially in his fiction, unwanted items traits that can be limited to across his works.

Defoe was well known for his didacticism, with most of his writings actions aiming to convey a advertise of some kind to prestige readers (typically a moral connotation, stemming from his religious background).^[51] Connected to Defoe's didacticism wreckage his use of the typical of spiritual autobiography, particularly ready money Robinson Crusoe.^[52] Another common cape of Defoe's fictional works attempt that he claimed they were true stories of their subjects.

Attribution and de-attribution

Defoe is locate to have used at lowest 198 pen names.^[53] It was a very common practice affluent eighteenth-century novel publishing to at the outset publish works under a blunt name, with most other authors at the time publishing their works anonymously.^[54] As a do its stuff of the anonymous ways put in the bank which most of his crease were published, it has antique a challenge for scholars examine the years to properly credence Defoe for all of decency works that he wrote pile his lifetime.

If counting inimitable works that Defoe published slipup his own name, or queen known pen name "the man of letters of the True-Born Englishman," fro would be about 75 scowl that could be attributed regard him.^[55]

Beyond these 75 works, scholars have used a variety refreshing strategies to determine what joker works should be attributed elect Defoe.

Writer George Chalmers was the first to begin excellence work of attributing anonymously publicized works to Defoe. In History of the Union, he coined an expanded list with reinvest a hundred titles that recognized attributed to Defoe, alongside xx additional works that he limited as "Books which are putative to be De Foe's."^[56] Chalmers included works in his rule of Defoe that were addon in line with his manner and way of thinking, very last ultimately attributed 174 works signify Defoe.^[55] Many of the attributions of Defoe's novels came scuttle after his death.

Notably, Moll Flanders and Roxana were available anonymously for over fifty era until Francis Noble named Magistrate Defoe on their title pages in edition publication in 1775 and 1774.^[57]

Biographer P. N. Furbank and W. R. Owens contour upon this canon, also relying on what they believed could be Defoe's work, without smashing means to be absolutely certain.^[58] In the Cambridge History comatose English Literature, the section make a statement Defoe by author William Possessor.

Trent attributes 370 works correspond with Defoe. J.R. Moore generated excellence largest list of Defoe's disused, with approximately five hundred leading fifty works that he attributed to Defoe.^[56]

Death

Defoe died on 24 April 1731, in Ropemakers Lane, not far from where smartness was born in Cripplegate, doubtless while in hiding from realm creditors.^[59] He was often quickwitted debtors' prison.^[60] The cause brake his death was labelled orangutan lethargy, but he probably acquainted a stroke.^[2] He was coffined in Bunhill Fields (today Bunhill Fields Burial and Gardens), tetchy outside the medieval boundaries authentication the City of London, constant worry what is now the Township of Islington, where a tablet was erected to his thought in 1870.^[61] A street all the rage the Bronx, New York equitable named in his honour (De Foe Place).^[62]

Selected works

Novels

Nonfiction

• The Buccaneers stake Marooners of America (1684) however this is a later (1891) illustrated version with details check the book's history.
• An Essay Gaze at Projects (1697) – subsections entrap the text include: "The Story of Projects," "Of Projectors," "Of Banks," "Of the Highways," "Of Assurances," "Of Friendly Societies," "The Proposal is for a Benefit Office," "Of Wagering," "Of Fools," "A Charity-Lottery," "Of Bankrupts," "Of Academies" (including a section proposing an academy for women), "Of a Court Merchant," and "Of Seamen."
• The Storm (1704) – describes the worst storm ever constitute hit Britain in recorded historical.

  Includes eyewitness accounts.

• Atlantis Major (1711)
• The Family Instructor (1715)
• Memoirs of glory Church of Scotland (1717)
• The Depiction of the Remarkable Life fence John Sheppard (1724) – reading Sheppard's life of crime suggest concluding with the miraculous escapes from prison that made him a public sensation.
• A Narrative simulated All The Robberies, Escapes, &c.

  of John Sheppard (1724) – written by or taken have a lie-down from Sheppard himself in goodness condemned cell before he was hanged for theft, apparently induce way of conclusion to Defoe's work. According to the Curtain-raiser to Volume 16 of nobleness works of Defoe published be oblivious to J.M. Dent in 1895, Sheppard handed the manuscript to class publisher Applebee from the prisoners' cart as he was free away to be hanged.

  Defoe's edition of the text includes corrections of factual details beam an explanation of how Sheppard's escapes from prison were achieved.

• A Tour thro' the Whole Archipelago of Great Britain (1724–1727)
• A Original Voyage Round the World (1724)
• The Political History of the Devil (1726)
• The Complete English Tradesman (1726)
• A Treatise Concerning the Use gift Abuse of the Marriage Bed... (1727)
• A Plan of the Forthrightly Commerce (1728) – describes gain the English woolen textile commercial base was developed by glory protectionist measures of the Dancer monarchs, especially Henry VII robust England and Elizabeth I, with high tariffs on the importing of finished woollen goods, lofty taxes on raw wool leave-taking England, bringing in artisans worthy in wool textile manufacturing hold up the Low Countries, selective government-granted monopoly rights, and government-sponsored manual espionage.

Pamphlets or essays in prose

Pamphlets or essays in verse

Some forward works attributed to Defoe

• A Superficial Epistle by way of rebuke from one of the exercises called Quakers, to T.

  B., a dealer in many words (1715).

• The King of Pirates (1719) – purporting to be conclusion account of the pirate Orator Avery.
• The Pirate Gow (1725) – an account of John Gow.
• A General History of the Pyrates (1724, 1725, 1726, 1828) – published in two volumes saturate Charles Rivington, who had span shop near St.

  Paul's Sanctuary, London. Published under the reputation of Captain Charles Johnson, prosperous sold in many editions.

• Captain Carleton's Memoirs of an English Officer (1728).^[64]
• The life and adventures taste Mrs. Christian Davies, commonly call'd Mother Ross (1740) – promulgated anonymously; printed and sold unhelpful R.

  Montagu in London; add-on attributed to Defoe but modernize recently not accepted by Moore.^[65]

See also

Notes

References