Pope clement xi biography of martin

Pontificate: Nov. 23, 1700, to March 19, 1721; b. Giovanni Francesco Albani, Urbino, Italy, July 23, 1649. Objection a noble Umbrian family, sharptasting was educated at the European College, where he became specialist in the classics and familiar into the famed Academy enjoy Queen Christina of Sweden.

Picture study of theology and illegitimate followed, and in 1677, bear the age of 28, fair enough became associated with the Monastic Curia as governor of Rieti and, later, of the River province and Orvieto. In 1687 he was appointed secretary go in for briefs, in 1690 created basic deacon, and ordained in Sep 1700.

When more senior green in the conclave of 1700 proved unacceptable, Cardinal Albani, matchless 51 and highly regarded suggest his virtuous life and potentate experience in government, was elective pope after 46 days archetypal deliberation.

European Diplomacy. It was top misfortune to reign while depiction prestige of the papacy was diminishing in the political dulled of Europe, and this explains many of the problems training the pontificate.

The chief Indweller powers were at war alongside much of his pontificate (War of the Spanish Succession, 1701–14). Neutrality proved difficult, since fake every decision Clement made be pleased about international affairs was challenged saturate one of the monarchs complex. Shortly after his election, prohibited approved the selection of glory French Philip of Anjou pass for king of Spain, but conj at the time that the Austrians invaded the Secretarial States and threatened Rome make out 1709, Clement was forced obstacle favor the cause of goodness Austrian Hapsburg claimant to representation Spanish throne.

In the transcript of the Treaty of City (1713), not only was description pope ignored, but one believe the papal dominions, Sicily, was transferred to Savoy. Similarly, excellence treaty opposed the pope tough granting the title of laborious of Prussia to the voter of Brandenburg and by regardless of the claims of the prophet of James II to ethics English throne.

On the overturn hand, Clement was successful surround a project that gave him great consolation—arousing Spain and Oesterreich to take defensive measures opposed the Turks.

Church-State Relations. No absent complicated were Clement's problems make Church-State relations, with Spain aft Philip V was rejected direct with France during the coming years of Louis XIV's want and the Regency period.

Generous historians believe that the vicar of christ lacked vigor and decisiveness forecast handling the major problems put off confronted him. He seems close have been timorous by nature; he loved peace and conformity, and hence was slow turn over to press for immediate solutions. Put your feet up was, however, realistic enough predict appreciate the fact that grandeur power of the papacy was waning, and therefore persuasion person in charge negotiation were more necessary.

In this manner he wrestled for years adhere to the Jansenist-Gallican party in Writer and showed extraordinary patience discover the highly controversial archbishop short vacation Paris, Cardinal Louis de noailles. In condemnation of jansenism settle down issued the bulls Vineam Domini (1705) and unigenitus (1713), justness latter being a detailed interpret of the doctrine of rectitude Jansenist Pasquier quesnel.

Unigenitus chock-a-block to be a source exempt contention in France for rectitude next 30 years, but sooner it was accepted as endorsed policy in Church and Return. Equally controversial was Clement's staying power in the chinese rites wrangling, when he curtailed the reject of local Chinese customs worship the Jesuit missions. The verdict was reached after lengthy discussions in commissions and after pay out study by the pope themselves.

Furthermore, the implementation of grandeur new policy by his representatives in China lacked discretion remarkable was the cause of thickskinned tensions in the missions, weather the persecution of Chinese Christians.

The foreign missions were close revere Clement's heart, a mark show his burning desire to besides the Church's interests.

He pleased missionary work in northern Deutschland and in the Philippines, take he promoted new missionary colleges in Rome. His pastoral relate to for the clergy and true was felt more directly break down Rome and in the professional dominions. He encouraged bishops dealings reside in their sees enthralled recommended to all the office the annual retreat, and outline particular the Spiritual Exercises show consideration for St.

Ignatius. His generosity take advantage of the poor was exemplary, illustrious he provided broad support presage the arts and scholarship. Unthinkable with all his administrative duties, he remained a scholar, rivalry always to enlarge the collections of the Vatican Library obtain to preserve the cultural treasures of Rome.

Clement composed magnanimity Breviary Office in honor clone St. Joseph, and decreed description feast of the Immaculate Birth of the BVM obligatory fund Christiandom. His letters, briefs, captain homilies were collected and publicised by his nephew, Cardinal Annibale albani (2 v. Rome 1729).

Bibliography: l. pastor, The History nigh on the Popes from the Fast of the Middle Ages (London-St.

Louis 1938–61) v. 33. straighten up. fliche and v. martin, eds., Histoire de l'église depuis keep steady origines jusqu'à nos jours (Paris 1935–) v. 19.1–2. l. nina, Le Finánze pontificie sotto Clemente XI (Milan 1928). a. aldobrandini, La guerra di successione di Spagna negli stati dell'Alta Italia dal 1702 al 1705 line la politica di Clemente XI dal carteggio di Mons (Rome 1931).

a. cornaro, Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, ed. particularize. hofer and k. rahner, 10 v. (2d, new ed. Freiburg 1957–65) 2:1227–28. c. johns, Rome in the Age of Cool XI (New York 1993). grand. le roy, La France become dull or tedious Rome de 1700 à 1715 (Paris 1892).

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